地震火山相互作用

新近的测量、统计分析和模型都支持大地震可以在出人意料的大距离和时间尺度上触发后续火山喷发的猜想。     

河流和水井对地震的反应

地震引起的地壳形变和地面振动可通过地表沉积层的固结、固体岩石的破裂、含水层的变形以及裂隙填充物的清除改变河流和井水位。虽然局部条件会影响反应的类型和幅度，但报道水文对地震反应的观测报告说明，出现河流和井水位变化的最大距离与地震震级有关。地震引起的河流变化可在距震中几十到数百千米的区域内观察到，而井水位的变化可在距震中几百至几千千米的区域内出现。     

由触发地震活动性的级联解释前震

大地震前观测到前震，以及认为前震具有特殊的性质使得它们能够同其他地震区别开来，所有这些增加了地震是可以预报的希望。所提出的异常属性包括：震级较大的前震相对于震级较小的前震占有比正常值更高的比例；以到主震的时间为参数，地震活动速率以幂律加速；将许多地震序列进行平均时，前震在空间上向主震迁移。使用南加利福尼亚的地震活动性数据，我们证明了这些性质以及其他性质都可由一简单模型得到，这一模型认为，不管前震、余震和主震，任何一个地震都能触发其他地震。我们发现前震的前兆性质同主震的大小无关。这意味着：由于根据过去的地震活动性并考虑触发的级联作用，地震活动速率是可以预报的，因此地震(无论大震还是小震)也是可以预报的。触发的级联作用很自然地产生了大范围、长时间的交互作用，这可以用来解释在非常大尺度范围内观测到的地震活动性相关现象。     

海底地震观测系统

基于OHP计划研制了几种类型的海底地震观测系统。本文将介绍这些观测系统，研制的关键是使这个宽频带系统能够长期使用，并且轻便、稳定和耐用。     

FLOW FIELD IN SCOURED ZONE OF CHANNEL CONTRACTIONS

Experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume to measure the two-dimensional turbulent flow field in the scoured zone of channel contractions under a clear-water scour condition. The Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to detect the flow field at different vertical lines along the centerline of uncontracted (main channel) and contracted zones of the channel. The distributions of time-averaged velocity components, turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are presented in nondimensional graphical form. The bed shear stresses are computed from the measured Reynolds stresses being in threshold condition within the zone of contraction where bed was scoured. The data presented in this paper would be useful to the investigators for the development of kinematic flow model and morphological model of scour at a channel or river contraction.     

Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation （Oct. 18-12, 2004, Yichang, China）

The Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation (9^th ISRS) has been successfully held on Oct. 18 to 21, 2004 at the site of the partially completed Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River near Yichang of Hubei Province, China. The Symposium is organized by the Ministry of Water Resources,     

INAUGURATION OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH （WASER）

The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research, the name of which has been abbreviated to WASER, was inaugurated on 19 Oct. 2004 during the 9^th International Symposium on River Sedimentation in Yichang, China. Dr. Des Walling, the President of the new Association,     

Electron microscopy study of the sakhaite from endogenous borate deposit in Hunan, China

Sakhaite was first discovered by Ostrovskaya, Pertsev and Nikitina at Siberia in the former Soviet Union. By using the X-ray diffraction technique, they proved that the crystal system of sakhaite was cubic (a = 1.464 nm), its possible space groups were Fm3m, F432, F43m, Fm3, F23, and its crystal chemical for-mula was Ca48Mg16(CO3)16(BO3)28Cl4(OH)8 4H2O[1]. Chichagov, Simonov and Belov studied the crystal structure of synthetic sakhaite and determined that its space group was F4132, …     

Determination of paleo-pressure for a natural gas pool formation based on PVT characteristics of fluid inclusions in reservoir rocks——A case study of Upper-Paleozoic deep basin gas trap of the Ordos Basin

~~Determination of paleo-pressure for a natural gas pool formation based on PVT characteristics of fluid inclusions in reservoir rocks——A case study of Upper-Paleozoic deep basin gas trap of the Ordos Basin~~     

A comparative study on the illite crystallinity and the clay mineral reflectance spectral index for subdividing the very low-grade metamorphic belt along the Lizhou-Hekou geological section in the Youjiang sedimentary basin, Guangxi, China

To examine the application potential of hyperspectral remote sensing techniques in classifying very low-grade metamorphic belts, the composition of clay minerals and the cyrstallinity of illite from mudstones were measured using XRD and VIS-SWIR (400-2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy. Based on the illite cyrstallinity, Kubler Index (KI), the Early Triassic LuoLou Group and the Middle Triassic lower Baifeng Formation were classified as the lower Epizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.22 to 0.25, the upper Baifeng Formation as upper anchizone with KI△2θ°ranging from 0.26 to 0.33, and the Hekou Formation as lower anchizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.38 to 0.40. According to a KI△2θ° value of 0.43, it is possible that there may exist a local diagenetic zone in the upper strata. The illite cyrstallinity Kubler index and the metamorphic grade increase from the bottom to the top of the stratigraphic sequence. The metamorphic grade boundaries nearly match the stratigraphic boundaries, indicating a burial metamorphism nature for the stratigraphic sequence. From the bottom to the top of the sequence, the spectral absorption band center of clay minerals from fresh rocks is around 2200 nm. The absorption band centers change towards shorter wavelengths: the Luolou Group being at 2220 nm, the Baifeng Formation at 2217-2213 nm, the lower member of the Hekou Formation at 2214-2206 nm, and the upper member of the Hekou Formation at 2205-2197 nm. The spectral absorption band center of illite shows the same change pattern. These results indicate that very low-grade metamorphic belts can be subdivided using spectral indices of clay minerals, which are measured by using field portable spectroradiometers. However, it may not work well with satellite and airborne sensors.