热带海洋和大气非线性波动及其正压稳定性

本文利用常微分方程定性理论,研究了热带海洋、大气中非线性波动及其正压稳定性,得到了不同频率的非线性波动稳定性与大气、海洋中基本流动及其基本流动的水平切变之间的关系。     

“Tasman”海中的南太平洋副热带模态水

在位于澳大利亚的东海岸29°S附近的“Tasman”海洋锋面延伸区，从WOCE的PR11断面的观测中发现南太平洋副热带模态水的存在。在深度1500～2500Pa，南太平洋副热带模态水的温度范围为16．5℃～19．5℃，且温度梯度〈1．6℃／100m；密度范围为25．4～26．0kg·m^3，且位势涡度的梯度〈2×10^10^-1·s^-1。和北太平洋及北大西洋中的副热带模态水的形成过程一样，南太平洋副热带模态水由于南半球冬天失热引起的强烈的深混合而形成，与此同时，如浮标资料所示，深层的冷水会卷加进入混合层中。冬天南太平洋副热带模态水的形成过程中，局地的海洋涡旋起到了重要的作用。并且影响南太平洋副热带模态水第二年的分布型。在南太平洋模态水形成区，冬天深（浅）的混合层伴随着下降（上升）的温跃层与局地的反气旋（气旋）式得海洋涡旋有直接的关系。在反气旋存在的海域往往可以发现生成的副热带模态水的厚度〉50m且主温跃层的深度也要超过4500Pa。     

东北季风与南海海洋环流的相互作用

针对冬、春季南海区风场，表层海流、海温场的季节变化，选用了２＾１／３层海洋模式和简单一层大气边界层模式，研究了冬、春季我作用下南海上层海洋环流的基本形态及其对ＳＳＴ的影响，估算了这种影响对海南风场的反馈效应。研究结果表明，冬、春季东北 与南海五流的相互作用对吕宋岛西部海域的气旋式冷涡的形成和维持有利。冬季（１月）强东北风作用使南海上层为一气旋式环流，上层环流对季风的反馈作用可使南海西北部东北风减弱     

北太平洋风应力场变异规律及其与黑潮大弯曲和El—Nino的联系

利用COADS资料,计算北太平洋(包括赤道海区)1949—1979年海表面风应力,对其距平场进行矢量场的EOF分解,得到几个主要的距平风应力模态(EOF1—3)。分析了各自的时空分布特征,分析发现,风应力距平场的EOF1和EOF2模态分别对黑潮大弯曲和E1—Nino事件有重要影响,并讨论了其影响过程,为黑潮大弯曲预报的可能性提供了依据。     

Variability of subduction rates of the subtropical North Pacific mode waters

The climatology subduction rate for the entire Pacific is known, but the mechanism of interannual to decadal variation remains unclear. In this study, we calculated the annual subduction rates of three types of North Pacific subtropical mode waters using a general circulation model (LICOM1.0) for the period of 1958-2001. The model experiments focused on interannual variations of ocean dynamical processes under daily wind forcings and seasonal heat fluxes. The mode water formation region was defined by a potential vorticity minimum at outcrop locations. The model results show that two subduction rate maxima (>100 m/a) were located in the Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) and the Central Mode Water (CMW) formation regions. These regions are consistent with a climatologically calculated value. The subduction rate in the Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (ESTMW) formation region was smaller at about 75 m/a. The subduction rate shows clear interannual and decadal variations associated with oceanic dynamic variabilities. The average subduction rate of the STMW was much smaller during the period of 1981-1990 compared with other periods, while that of the CMW had a negative anomaly before 1975 and a positive anomaly after 1978. The variability agreed with Ekman and geostrophic advections and mixed layer depths. The interannual variability of the subduction rate for the ESTMW was smallest during 1970-1990, as a result of a weak wind stress curl. This paper explores how interannual signals from the atmosphere are stored in different parts of the ocean, and thus may contribute to a better understanding of feedback mechanisms for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) event.     

潮汐对吕宋海峡附近海域环流结构的影响

为了考察潮汐混合效应对吕宋海峡附近海域环流场的影响,本文使用ROMS区域海洋模式,通过无潮实验与有潮实验的对比分析指出,潮汐混合作用可以影响121°E断面上的水交换和120d平均的纬向流速分布;在模拟时段内加入潮汐后,模拟结果中台湾岛西南的反气旋涡强度大幅减弱,贴近黑潮东侧的涡旋强度明显强于无潮实验,证明潮汐作用可以引起吕宋海峡海洋环流场较大的改变,特别对黑潮以"跨隙"路径通过吕宋海峡有贡献。     

海温异常东向传播──El Nio事件发生的可能机制

为了揭示８０年代以来发生ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件形成的机制，利用一个两层半的热带海洋模式进行数值试验．结果表明：在特定的西向流场背景条件下，热带大气季节内时间尺度振荡强迫激发的赤道第二斜压模态的波动可以在向东传播的过程中出现停驻．波动传播停驻与多普勒效应有密切的关系．由于波动停驻海区海表面温度（ＳＳＴ）正异常增大，可促进其上空大气对流运动的发展，导致赤道中、西太平洋出现大范围西风异常，在赤道海洋中激发起第一斜压模态的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波．基于上述事实和数值试验结果，文章提出了一个阶段性海气相互作用激发ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件发生的机制，热带中太平洋波动传播停驻导致的ＳＳＴ正异常在这个发生机制中起着关键的作用．     

THE MEANDER OF KUROSHIO AND OSCILLATION IN A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL

A numerical experiment of an asynchronous coupled ocean-atmosphere model has been described in this paper.Atwo-layer global atmosphere general circulation model(OSU/IAP-AGCM)and a two-layer North Pacific Oceangeneral circulation model(NPOGCM)developed by Liu et al.(1992)are used in numerical experiment.The sea surfacetemperature anomaly(SSTA)corresponding to the meander of the Kuroshio is treated as the initial perturbation in thePacific Ocean and the abnormal phenomena caused by the disturbance and the interaction between atmosphere andocean,have been studied.The numerical experiment showed that the SST anomaly in the North Pacific could induce a new 30—60 dayoscillation through the coupling between atmosphere and ocean and the interaction between the meander of theKuroshio and atmosphere circulation is a positive feedback process.     

The Role of the Halted Baroclinic Mode at the Central Equatorial Pacific in E1 Nifio Event

The role of halted “baroclinic modes” in the central equatorial Pacific is analyzed. It is found that dominant anomaly signals corresponding to “baroclinic modes” occur in the upper layer of the equatorial Pacific, in a two-and-a-half layer oceanic model, in assimilated results of a simple OGCM and in the ADCP observation of TAO. A second “baroclinic mode” is halted in the central equatorial Pacific corresponding to a positive SST anomaly while the first “baroclinic mode” propagates eastwards in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The role of the halted second “baroclinic mode” in the central equatorial Pacific is explained by a staged ocean-atmosphere interaction mechanism in the formation of El Ni?no: the westerly bursts in boreal winter over the western equatorial Pacific generate the halted second “baroclinic mode” in the central equatorial Pacific, leading to the increase of heat content and temperature in the upper layer of the central Pacific which induces the shift of convection from over the western equatorial Pacific to the central equatorial Pacific; another wider, westerly anomaly burst is induced over the western region of convection above the central equatorial Pacific and the westerly anomaly burst generates the first “baroclinic mode” propagating to the eastern equatorial Pacific, resulting in a warm event in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The mechanism presented in this paper reveals that the central equatorial Pacific is a key region in detecting the possibility of ENSO and, by analyzing TAO observation data of ocean currents and temperature in the central equatorial Pacific, in predicting the coming of an El Ni?no several months ahead.     

The Role of the Kuroshio in the Winter North Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction： Comparison of a Coupled Model and Observations

A comparative study between the output of the Flexible Global Climate Model Version 1.0 (FGCM- 1.0) and the observations is performed. At 500 hPa, the geopotential height of FGCM is similar to the observations, but in the North Pacific the model gives lower values, and the differences are most significant over the northern boundary of the Pacific. In a net heat flux comparison, the spatial patterns of the two are similar in winter, but more heat loss appears to the east of Japan in FGCM than in COADS. On the interannual timescale, strong (weak) Kuroshio transports to the east of Taiwan lead the increasing (decreasing) net heat flux, which is centered over the Kuroshio Extension region, by 1–2 months, with low (high) pressure anomaly responses appearing at 500 hPa over the North Pacific (north of 25N) in winter. The northward heat transport of the Kuroshio is one of the important heat sources to support the warming of the atmosphere by the ocean and the formation of the low pressure anomaly at 500 hPa over the North Pacific in winter.