对虾病毒病害综合防治技术

近两年来，我国养殖对虾出现了大面积病害，造成了重大经济损失。中国科学院海洋研究所青岛市鱼虾病害防治中心研制的“鱼虾救星”和“大虾新宝”是目前防治各种病毒病害的最有效新药。１“鱼虾救星”１．１功能“鱼虾救星”是由甲、乙两种复合药品和专用投施发生器组成。它能从根本上铲除病源，对防治鱼虾病毒类和寄生虫类效果显著。能立即抢救鱼、虾因硫化氢、氨氮、亚硝酸盐等中毒缺氧造成的浮头；可净化水质，使一些有害物质转化为营养物质。使藻类正常生长，节省饵料１５％左右；可防止水质污染和赤潮危害，促使生态环境迅速正常化；以…     

近期完成的ODP航次科学目标概述

１９９４年７月～１９９６年２月，ＯＤＰ在大西洋和地中海完成了１５７～１６５航次（Ｌｅｇｓ１５７－１６５）。这些最新航次的钻探资料和科研成果出版后传到国内还需要很长一段时间。这里根据 ＯＤＰ总部提供的资料，摘要编录 ＯＤＰ最近一年半的时间内的钻探活动和科学目标，以飨读者。     

菲律宾海的锰结壳和锰结核

西马里亚纳海盆和菲律宾海盆发育的锰结核是典型的深海结核。其丰度为0～15kg/m2,平均为3.5kg/m2,Ni+Cu+Co的平均含量为0.59%,最大含量为0.93%,平均Mn/Fe值为0.73.九州帛琉海脊和中央海脊发育的锰结壳和锰结核十分丰富。采集到的大块结壳表面直径可达到300～500mm,最大厚度为32～35mm,采集到的结核最大丰度可达到18.7kg/m2,Ni+Cu+Co的平均含量为0.62%,Co的含量最大为0.57%,平均Mn/Fe值为0.95.上述海盆和海脊上的结核和结壳主要锰矿物相均为水羟锰矿,属水成成因和较低的氧化生成条件,结核的形成时代为更新世以来。据结核和结壳的金属品位,尤其是Co的含量来看,目前尚不具经济潜力。     

Stress-induced apoptosis in sea urchin embryogenesis

We find that early sea urchin embryos have the capability to induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in response to chemical and physical stress. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos (fertilized, 4 cell, 16 cell, 64 cell, and early blastula) were exposed to known cytotoxins, in order to determine when apoptosis occurs naturally and in response to stress. Using cell permeability as an indicator of early stage apoptosis, caspase activation as a mid-stage indicator, and DNA fragmentation as a late stage indicator, we find that during the cleavage stage of embryogenesis apoptosis is almost completely absent. However, a statistically significant (p<0.001) rise in apoptosis in stressed embryos is evident around 24 h after fertilization, during the early blastula stage and shortly after hatching. Before this stage, exposed embryos show no statistically significant increases in apoptosis in comparison to the controls. This pattern of apoptosis in development is similar to that seen in lower vertebrate models in which stress-induced apoptosis occurs only around the mid-blastula transition. We conclude that apoptosis may be used to rid embryos of aberrant or damaged cells in early development, but this response is stage-dependant. Repair, rather than apoptosis, may be utilized during earlier stages, or alternatively, embryos exposed to such stressors may continue development with damaged cells and perhaps damaged DNA. Our continued studies will focus on these alternative hypotheses.     

大西洋扇贝贝壳生长年轮的氧同位素研究

两只活的大洋扇贝Placopecten magellanicus分别于1983和1985年采自加拿大诺瓦·斯科舍省布朗斯浅滩,其氧同位素记录展示出一种年度性的循环,并与由环境海水的实测温度和同位素组成所预计的贝壳同位素组成十分接近。外生长线的位置与这些循环中δ~(18)O的最大值吻合,这说明外生长线于底层海水温度最低时(春季)形成。据测定的δ~(18)O的结果证明,外生长线是年度性形成的,这与生物学证据一致。     

Estrogenic responses of larval sunshine bass (Morone saxatilis x M. Chrysops) exposed to New York City sewage effluent

To determine the estrogenicity of effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) to larval fish, 2-day-old sunshine bass were exposed to effluents from three STPs serving New York City (NYC), varying in size and treatment level. Estrogenic response was evaluated by measuring vitellogenin (VTG) and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in cytosolic fractions of whole body homogenates. Concentrations of the presumptive endocrine disruptors in the effluents were also measured. VTG and ER levels in sewage-exposed fish were 3-5 times that observed in controls. Combined concentrations of estradiol and estrone ranged from 5 to 13 ng/l and nonylphenol-ethoxylate metabolites (NPEOs: 4-nonylphenol, and 1-, 2-, and 3-nonylphenol-ethoxylates) ranged from 180 to 470 microg/l in chlorinated effluent. Results indicate that both ER and VTG can be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruption in larval fish, and that 4-day exposure to sewage effluent is sufficient to elicit significant expression of these markers in sunshine bass larvae. The extremely higher concentrations of NPEOs found in effluent relative to hormones (approximately 40,000-fold) indicates that surfactant metabolites may be contributing significantly to the estrogenic effects observed.     

“海洋生物技术与海水农业2000年学术年会”在青岛召开

中国海洋学会海洋生物工程专业委员会于２０００年１２月３～４日在青岛召开了“海洋生物技术与海水农业２０００年学术年会。来自海洋生物技术与海水农业两大领域的专家们以及长期与科研院校合作并在转化、吸收高新科技成果上取得重大经济效益的企业家 ,各带来了自己的最新研究成果 ,大会和书面交流论文近７０余篇。这次大会是一次海洋生物技术与海水农业两领域相互交叉、相互促进的学术研讨会。专家们的研究成果表明 ,我国在改造海滩和盐碱荒地方面 ,已从传统的方法发展到充分利用先进的生物技术培养和驯化耐海水、耐盐碱的农作物和植物上…     

澳大利亚海岸概况

澳大利亚是个大陆岛,界于南纬11°—43°,东西长5000公里,面积约770万平方公里(包括塔斯马尼亚岛等)。她与南极大陆隔以3000公里的海域。在澳大利亚和亚洲大陆之间有一列岛屿,其中新几内亚位于与澳大利亚相同的大陆架上,在第四纪时通常是相连的。     

对虾工厂化育苗技术的初步研究

随着我国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)养殖业的迅速发展,对虾工厂化育苗技术成了急待解决的问题。 1980年,中国科学院海洋研究所应国家水产总局的邀请,与赣榆县水产养殖公司在该县宋庄对虾育苗埸进行了育苗实验并获得成功;