Modeling the relationship of land use change and some geophysical indicators for the interlock area of farming and pasturing in China

This paper discusses land-use changes in the interlock area of farming and pasturing (IAFP) in northern China. It presents detailed analyses of land-use features in the IAFP, which are controlled by the macro geomorphic units and geophysical conditions-constraints or advantages. Additionally, it selects some indicators, according to the availability in acquiring and processing their quantitative data, to analyze the canonical correlations between the typical conversion of grassland and geophysical conditions. The preliminary study indicates that the physical conditions are of great advantages to the development of grassland. There exists significant correlation between land use change and some geophysical conditions.     

网络RTK测量成果质量控制方法的研究

随着GPS技术、计算机技术、网络技术的发展,网络RTK技术得到快速的发展和应用。介绍了网络RTK定位的质量控制的重要性．影响网络RTK定位结果的因素．质量控制的方法等内容。通过全面的质量保证措施,能够得到稳定、可靠的、实时高精度定位成果。     

Assessment of heavy metal impact on sediment quality of the Xiaoqinghe estuary in the coastal Laizhou Bay,Bohai Sea: Inconsistency between two commonly used criteria

Surface sediments in the Xiaoqinghe estuary, southwestern coastal Laizhou Bay, were examined to assess the bio-toxic risk of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) with the effects range-low and effects range-median guidelines (ERL–ERMs) and the concentration ratio of simultaneously extractable metals to acid volatile sulfides ([SEM]/[AVS]). Based on the ERL–ERM guidelines, bio-toxic effect caused by Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn could be expected in the riverine surface sediments of the Xiaoqinghe estuary; and the surface sediments in the marine area were in good quality and only Ni might cause bio-toxic effect occasionally. The AVS–SEM guidelines revealed that no bio-toxic effect could be caused by any of the studied metals in both the riverine and marine sediments, since there were excess sulfides in surface sediments which could form water-insoluble substances with free metal ions and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals.     

Geochemical characteristics of phosphorus in surface sediments of two major Chinese mariculture areas: The Laizhou Bay and the coastal waters of the Zhangzi Island

Phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of the Laizhou Bay (LB) and the coastal waters around the Zhangzi Island (ZI) was analyzed. Six forms of P were separated — exchangeable or loosely sorbed P (Ads–P), aluminum-bound P (Al–P), iron-bound P (Fe–P), authigenic apatite plus CaCO₃-bound P plus biogenic apatite (Ca–P), detrital apatite plus other inorganic P (De–P) and organic P (OP). The average contents of P in the LB were in the order: De–P > OP > Ca–P > Fe–P > Ads–P > Al–P; in the ZI, the corresponding order was De–P > OP > Fe–P > Ca–P > Ads–P > Al–P. Due to the high nutrient loadings from the surrounding rivers, TP contents in sediments of the LB were higher than in those of the ZI. The potential bio-available P (Ads–P and OP) accounted for 14.7% and 24.2% of TP in sediments of the LB and the ZI, respectively.     

我国能源活动CO2排放在2020—2022年之间达到峰值情景和可行性研究

全球到2100年实现将温度上升控制在和工业化前相比2℃以内,已经成为一个政策目标。本文结合中国能源环境政策综合评估（IPAC）模型的近期研究结果,分析了实现全球2℃温升目标下我国能源活动的CO₂排放情景,并对其关键因素进行研究,得到实现这些情景的可行性。研究表明,考虑到我国经济转型、能源效率提升、可再生能源和核电的发展、碳捕获和碳封存技术,以及低碳生活方式的转变,我国能源活动的CO₂排放是可以在2025年之前,甚至更早（如在2020—2022年）实现排放峰值,峰值总量在90亿t左右,之后开始下降,这和我国在全球2℃温升目标情景中给予的碳空间相一致,支持我国未来在全球温室气体减排中的国际合作路径,以及国内低碳发展政策的制定。实现这样的减排路径,需要在既有的环境和能源政策之外制定针对气候变化减缓的明确和长期的政策,如碳定价。     

不同稻麦种植模式适应气候变化的效益比较分析

通过调查江苏省全球环境基金项目区农户和专家的投入产出,使用成本效益分析方法和IPCC推荐的温室气体估算方法评估比较了3种种植方式（人工插秧、机械插秧和直播）的水稻在麦稻轮作复种“两晚”模式（水稻晚收, 小麦晚播）下的社会、经济和生态效益。结果表明：水稻直播和机械插秧可以节省更多劳动力;农业机械燃油、施用化肥、稻田淹水等农作措施导致了大量人为温室气体排放;水稻种植方式为人工插秧的麦稻轮作模式能取得最优的经济和生态效益;“两晚”模式实施的关键是适时地利用近年来增加的农业气候资源。水稻人工插秧与麦稻“两晚”相配合的种植模式是减缓和适应气候变化的较优选择。     

西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床中酸性岩石成因及动力学背景:年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束

浦桑果矿床位于拉萨地块冈底斯成矿带中段,为侵入岩体与钙质围岩接触带内形成的矽卡岩型高品位铜多金属矿床(Cu@1. 42%,Pb+Zn@2. 83%),是冈底斯成矿带目前唯一一个大型富铜铅锌(钴镍)矿床。本文以浦桑果矿床相关中酸性侵入岩体(黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩)为主要研究对象,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量元素、全岩SrNd-Pb及锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究,旨在厘定侵入岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及成岩成矿的动力学背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩侵位年龄分别为13. 6～14. 4Ma和13. 6～14. 6Ma,岩体形成时代均属中新世。岩石地球化学特征表明,闪长玢岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩均属高钾钙碱性I型花岗质岩石;岩石普遍具高Sr含量(599×10~(-6)～1616×10~(-6))、高Sr/Y(48. 2～132. 3)和高(La/Yb)N(19. 6～25. 4)比值特征,具低Y(10. 38×10~(-6)～12. 70×10~(-6))和Yb含量(0. 79×10~(-6)～1. 17×10~(-6))特征,表现出埃达克质岩的地球化学属性。全岩稀土元素表现为明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),而相对亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等(HFSE)。全岩Sr-Nd-Pb及锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,浦桑果矿床相关中酸性岩石与冈底斯成矿带中新世大多斑岩-矽卡岩矿床紧密相关的埃达克质侵入岩体具相似的同位素组成特征,指示岩石具同源岩浆特征且埃达克质岩浆主要起源于拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳。浦桑果矿床中酸性岩体主要形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景,因碰撞挤压向后碰撞伸展背景的构造转换,引起印度大陆岩石圈发生拆沉(42～25Ma)及拉萨地块中富集岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,从而形成富含Cu、Co等基性岩浆熔体底侵加厚新生下地壳(25～18Ma),导致拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳中部分石榴子石角闪岩相发生部分熔融,最终形成闪长质熔体于浦桑果矿区有利构造部位形成具埃达克质属性的中酸性侵入岩体(13～14Ma)和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿体。     

西藏改则县多龙SSZ型蛇绿岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素特征:班公湖-怒江洋晚二叠世洋内俯冲的证据

西藏改则县多龙矿集区分布着大量的SSZ型蛇绿岩残片,是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分,本文对代表性辉绿(玢)岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素分析,获得辉绿玢岩加权平均年龄为252.1±1.5Ma(MSWD=0.09,n=33),表明多龙SSZ型蛇绿岩形成于晚二叠世。岩石烧失量普遍较高(1.57%～5.23%)的特征,表明样品普遍遭受蚀变;而且具有富硅、高铝、低MgO及低Mg~#值(36.8～63.1)的特征,说明其经历过一定程度的分离结晶作用。多龙辉绿岩和辉绿玢岩富集大离子亲石元素(LILE:Rb、Cs、K、Sr、P、Pb),亏损高场强元素(HFSE:Ta、Nb、Ti、Zr、Hf);稀土元素总量为23.27×10~(-6)～58.95×10~(-6),δEu为0.83～1.35,(La/Yb)_N为0.66～1.30,具有与岛弧拉斑玄武岩类似的稀土元素和总体一致的微量元素特征。岩石(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值为0.707345～0.708748,(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i值为0.512669～0.512705,t_(DM2)值为305～456Ma,ε_(Nd)(t)值为+6.9～+8.8,表明其岩浆源区为亏损地幔源区,其地球化学成分具有洋内弧的特征,暗示其可能是洋内俯冲作用的产物。综合分析认为,班-怒洋壳于晚二叠世时(ca.252Ma)在板块汇聚边缘发生了类似西太平洋Izu-Bonin-Mariana的洋内俯冲作用,形成兼具MOR蛇绿岩亲缘性和俯冲带SSZ蛇绿岩地球化学印记的双重属性的多龙辉绿岩及辉绿玢岩的母岩浆;母岩浆经过结晶分异、上升侵位,最终于洋内俯冲带之上的弧前盆地环境下形成多龙辉绿岩和辉绿玢岩。