吉东南新太古代晚期片麻岩类的时代、成因及其对早期地壳形成演化的制约

吉林省东南部通化地区广泛出露早前寒武纪花岗质片麻岩类,其岩石组成、形成时代和成因对深化认识华北克拉通东北缘早期地壳形成演化历史具有重要意义。本文系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等研究结果表明,这些花岗质片麻岩类按照SiO₂质量分数总体可划分为高硅和低硅两组：前者主要由二长花岗质片麻岩、奥长花岗质片麻岩及英云闪长质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 549~2 557 Ma;而后者由石英二长闪长质片麻岩及花岗闪长岩质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 534~2 552 Ma;并且两组岩石都含有约2 600 Ma的捕获锆石,共同遭受了约2 500 Ma变质作用的影响。地球化学分析结果显示,低硅岩组具有较高的MgO、CaO、Na₂O质量分数,属于高钾—中钾钙碱性系列,并且富集LREE、亏损HREE和HFSE;与之相比,高硅岩组则具有较低的MgO和CaO质量分数,显示更强烈的轻、重稀土元素分馏以及Nb、Ta、P、Ti等亏损的特征;但两者均具有较弱的正或负Eu异常。结合区域最新研究成果,认为研究区低硅和高硅两组岩石应具有相同的源区,其形成可能与大洋板片俯冲、岩浆底侵引起的地壳部分熔融作用有关。此外,两组岩石具有相似的ε_Hf（t）值（2.72~7.95）和模式年龄（2.86~2.55 Ga）,暗示区域主要存在新太古代晚期地壳生长事件;结合区域内变质火山岩的研究进展,认为吉林省东南部通化地区花岗质片麻岩类可能形成于活动大陆边缘的构造背景。     

Two Improvements on Numerical Simulation of 2-DOF Vortex-Induced Vibration with Low Mass Ratio

Till now, there have been lots of researches on numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration. Acceptable results have been obtained for fixed cylinders with low Reynolds number. However, for responses of 2-DOF vortex-induced vibration with low mass ratio, the accuracy is not satisfactory, especially for the maximum amplitudes. In Jauvtis and Williamson''s work, the maximum amplitude of the cylinder with low mass ratio m*=2.6 can reach as large as 1.5D to be called as the “super-upper branch”, but from current literatures, few simulation results can achieve such value, even fail to capture the upper branch. Besides, it is found that the amplitude decays too fast in the lower branch with the RANS-based turbulence model. The reason is likely to be the defects of the turbulence model itself in the prediction of unsteady separated flows as well as the unreasonable setting of the numerical simulation parameters. Aiming at above issues, a modified turbulence model is proposed in this paper, and the effect of the acceleration of flow field on the response of vortex-induced vibration is studied based on OpenFOAM. By analyzing the responses of amplitude, phase and trajectory, frequency and vortex mode, it is proved that the vortex-induced vibration can be predicted accurately with the modified turbulence model under appropriate flow field acceleration.     

Simulation of interactions among multiple debris flows

Adjacent debris flows may interact in many ways: two or more concurrent debris flows may merge; one debris flow can run out over an existing debris flow fan. Such interactions may cause debris flow properties to change in the mixing process as well as more severe adverse effects than those caused by a single debris flow. This paper aims to investigate the interactions among channelized debris flows originated from adjacent catchments. Both concurrent and successive debris flows are considered. If several debris flows originate from different locations concurrently and merge, the volumetric sediment concentration (i.e., the ratio of the volume of solid material to the total volume of debris flow), C _v, is a good index to capture the mixing process of these debris flows. The change in C _v reflects where mixing occurs and the mixing degree. The debris flow properties (e.g., yield stress and dynamic viscosity) evolve in the mixing process and can be captured by the change in C _v. The debris flow with a larger volume dominates the mixing process, and the properties of the mixed debris flow are more similar to those of the larger debris flow. The inundated areas and runout distances of successive debris flows are smaller than those of concurrent debris flows of the same total volume due to the smaller scales of the individual events and blockage by the earlier debris flows. However, the deposit depth in the interacting part of the debris flow fans of successive debris flows can be much larger than that of concurrent debris flows, leading to more destructive cascading hazards (e.g., the formation of debris barrier lakes). The sequence of successive debris flows not only significantly influences the runout characteristics of the debris flows but also substantially affects the cascading hazards.     

Evaluation of CBM reservoir fracture characteristics by azimuthal AVA inversion

Exploitation of coalbed methane (CBM) is directly affected by the strike and density of fractures, particularly because fractures can act as conduits for water and gas (after desorption). To realize the azimuthal amplitude versus angle (AVA) inversion for a CBM reservoir, we treated reservoirs whose fractures are aligned vertically as being equivalent to a horizontal transverse isotropic medium and simplified the P-P wave reflection coefficient formula to an approximately linear equation. Then, we adopted a modified damping least squares algorithm to solve the azimuthal AVA inversion problem. With edited macro-bins, corrected residual moveout, and normalized amplitude, the azimuthal gathers exhibited unambiguous azimuthal AVA characteristics. The #3 CBM reservoir in the Qinshui Basin was selected for a case study. The density and strike of the reservoir fractures were obtained and analyzed, and the reservoir was divided into three classes according to fracture density. Finally, in comparison with the gas production data, we confirmed that the inversion results and reservoir classification were both reasonable and credible.     

Centroid sliding pyramid method for removability and stability analysis of fractured hard rock

This paper proposes a new method using centroid sliding pyramid (CSP) to identify the removability and stability of fractured hard rock in tunnel and slope engineering. The new method features two geometrical and topological improvements over the original key block method (KBM). Firstly, all the concave corners are considered as starting points of cutting process when a concave block is divided into a set of convex blocks in the original KBM. Only the concave corners formed by two joint planes are used for partitioning a concave block in the presented method and concave corners with free planes are excluded. Secondly, joint pyramid for removability computation in the original KBM is generated using all of the joint planes, while CSP is calculated only from the joint planes adjoining the free planes. The cone angle θ of CSP is the vectorial angle formed by the two candidate sliding surfaces of this CSP. Removability analysis of a block is transformed into calculating the cone angle of CSP. The geometrical relationship is simplified, and data size for removability computation is reduced compared with the original KBM. The provided method is implemented in a computer program and validated by examples of fractured rock slopes and tunnels.     

长江流域沿江镉异常示踪与追源的战略与战术

正在进行的多目标地球化学调查成果显示,长江流域存在全流域的Cd异常。长江流域Cd异常示踪与追源研究的长期目标是查明长江流域沿江各主要支流(汇水面积大于5000km^{2)Cd等重金属元素的物质来源、迁移形式和输入/输出通量、分辨自然源与人为源各自所占份额,建立沿江各支流Cd时空演化模型,监测它的未来发展趋势,对潜在生态效应进行预警预测;短期目标是针对Cd异常的重点地区,如长江源头、三峡库区、湘江流域、江淮流域、长江三角洲及流域内的4大淡水湖泊,查明Cd异常的来源,重建Cd异常形成的地球化学记录,评估可预见的将来(如10～50年)Cd异常的生态效应。}     

锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土的制备研究

以钠基蒙脱土为原料,采用共聚法合成锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土,并研究不同锆铝摩尔比例和不同NaOH的量对柱撑蒙脱土制备的影响。XRD研究表明,当锆铝摩尔比例为1：6、加入70ml0．4mol／LNaOH时,可得到（001）面网层间距达1．9343nm的锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土。通过FT—IR发现,锆铝聚合羟基阳离子进入蒙脱土层间,形成Si-O-Al和Si-O-Zr。对柱撑前后蒙脱土的比表面积和孔径结构进行分析,发现锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土具有较大的比表面积,较为均匀的孔径分布,是一种合适的催化和吸附材料。     

SEED格式STEIM2数据压缩算法在实时地震数据传输中的应用

在一定带宽内,及时、高效、无失真地传输地震数据是地震数据传输的基本要求,SEED格式给出的数据格式在数据压缩方面有其独到之处,但SEED格式没有定义数据正确性和完整性保证机制和检验方法,因而影响实时传输中的使用。本文提出一种基于SEED格式的STEIM2数据压缩算法,同EDAS数据包形式兼容的实时压缩数据包编码方法,来实现实时压缩数据的传输。经理论评估和实际数据检验,它容易实现,效率高,安全,可靠,完全可以应用于实时数据传输。     

海带中抑藻活性化合物的分离及抑藻活性分析

以2000 g海带为原料、米氏凯伦藻为测试微藻,采用甲醇浸提、液液萃取、硅胶柱层析、Seph-adax LH-20凝胶柱层析和硅胶薄层层析等分离方法,纯化可能具有抑藻活性的化合物,制备到5个薄层纯样品,B21(1.39 g)、B131(0.51 g)、B132(0.48 g)、C211(0.016 g)和C212(0....     

不同降雨条件下黄土高原浅层滑坡危险性预测评价

黄土地区浅层滑坡发育非常广泛,由于其具有分布规律性差、前期变形迹象小、分布范围大、面小点多等特征,目前还无法进行有效预测,因此给黄土地区工程安全带来严重威胁。根据无限边坡模型,结合降雨入渗-土体强度衰减规律和GIS（地理信息系统）技术,构建了不同降雨条件下黄土地区浅层滑坡发育危险性评价模型,并将该评价模型应用到延河一级支流幸福川流域,预测在有效降雨量30、50、100、200 mm条件下,该流域浅层滑坡发育程度,并与当前较为流行的SINMAP模型(地形稳定性模型)进行对比。结果表明：①不稳定和潜在不稳定浅层滑坡主要分布在末级河流的两侧和源头,稳定和较稳定区域主要分布在一级河流河道两侧和塬面上;通过对比分析,SINMAP模型计算的结果与本文建立的模型在降雨强度30 mm时的计算结果较为一致。②在本文建立的模型评价结果中,随着有效降雨量的增加,F_s（稳定性系数）<1.00的不稳定区域所占比例逐渐增加,从30 mm的1.12%到200 mm的4.79%;相反,稳定区域则出现逐渐减少的趋势。③根据已发生灾害点的分布,随着有效降雨量的增加,研究区域已发生的灾害点分布在F_s<1.25的比例明显增加,从30 mm的62%到200 mm的88%,在SINMAP评价模型中,研究区域已发生的灾害点的64%分布在不稳定和潜在不稳定区域内,说明本文所建立的评价模型具有一定的精度。通过与SINMAP评价模型对比,本文建立的模型主要采用基于降雨入渗规律,而SINMAP评价模型主要基于降雨汇流过程,因此在利用过程中应根据区域特征选择利用。