Rainfall-triggering response patterns of post-seismic debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake area

Several giant debris flows occurred in southwestern China after the Wenchuan earthquake, causing serious casualties and economic losses. Debris flows were frequently triggered after the earthquake. A relatively accurate prediction of these post-seismic debris flows can help to reduce the consequent damages. Existing debris flow prediction is almost based on the study of the relationship between post-earthquake debris flows and rainfall. The relationship between the occurrence of post-seismic debris flows and characteristic rainfall patterns was studied in this paper. Fourteen rainfall events related to debris flows that occurred in four watersheds in the Wenchuan earthquake area were collected. By analyzing the rainfall data, characteristics of rainfall events that triggered debris flows after the earthquake were obtained. Both the critical maximum rainfall intensity and average rainfall intensity increased with the time. To describe the critical conditions for debris flow initiation, intensity–duration curves were constructed, which shows how the threshold for triggering debris flows increased each year. The time that the critical rainfall intensities of debris flow occurrences return to the value prior to the earthquake could not be estimated due to the absent rainfall data before the earthquake. Rainfall-triggering response patterns could be distinguished for rainfall-induced debris flows. The critical rainfall patterns related to debris flows could be divided on the basis of antecedent rainfall duration and intensity into three categories: (1) a rapid triggering response pattern, (2) an intermediate triggering response pattern, and (3) a slow triggering response pattern. The triggering response patterns are closely related to the initiation mechanisms of post-earthquake debris flows. The main difference in initiation mechanisms and difference in triggering patterns by rainfall is regulated by the infiltration process and determined by a number of parameters, such as hydro-mechanical soil characteristics, the thickness of the soil, and the slope gradient. In case of a rapid triggering response rainfall pattern, the hydraulic conductivity and initial moisture content are the main impact factors. Runoff erosion and rapid loading of solid material is the dominant process. In case of a rainfall pattern with a slow triggering response, the thickness and strength of the soil, high hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall intensity are the impact factors. Probably slope failure is the most dominant process initiating debris flows. In case of an intermediate triggering response pattern, both debris flow initiation mechanisms (runoff erosion and slope failure) can play a role.     

Socioeconomic development and the impact of natural disasters: some empirical evidences from China

Significant advancements have been made in examining the relationship between economic development and disaster losses at the global and national scales, but very little research has been done at the sub-national level, especially in China. Based on socioeconomic and disaster impact data from 31 provinces (municipalities, and autonomous regions) in China from 1990 to 2010, ordinary least squares regression was used to determine the relationship between socioeconomic development and effects of natural disasters. Results showed that economic development played a distinct role in mitigating disaster damages in the whole China and its eastern, central and western regions. There existed a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and disaster losses in the whole China and its eastern region, and an inverted-U nonlinearity linkage in its central and western areas. These findings further confirmed the existence of a nonlinear relationship between economic development and disaster losses. Economic growth had played a more important role in mitigating disaster losses in the central region of China than that in the western one. Further investigations demonstrated that as economic develops, there were fewer deaths caused by natural hazards in whole China and all its three regions. The combination of the lower level of education, higher unemployment rate and greater gross dependence ratio has contributed to the increase in death toll caused by natural disasters, but this trend could be partly offset by wealth growth.     

赤砂沸石对氮磷钾吸附与释放的研究

本文以安徽省繁昌县赤砂沸石为试验材料，以黄红壤为参照，研究了丝光沸石为主的天然沸石对ＮＨ、Ｈ＿２ＰＯ及Ｋ￣＋的吸附与释放，结果表明：赤砂沸石的吸铵量和吸磷量为黄红壤的３倍；其中易释放铵和可释放铵占总吸铵量８０％以上；易释放磷和可释放磷占７０％以上；赤砂沸石的速效钾含量为黄红壤的７倍左右，而钾位缓冲容量（ＰＢＣ￣Ｋ）则为黄红壤的３５倍左右。赤砂沸石用做肥料调理剂和土壤改良剂，将能够减少土壤中氮、磷、钾的流失，并提高肥料中养分的利用率。     

武夷山古环境的变迁与土壤发育的关系

在综合研究了武夷山主峰黄岗山的地质、地貌、植被、气候及第四纪孢粉分析资料后认为,黄岗山在晚第三纪至第四纪的数百万年间,曾经历了至少三次断块抬升运动,每次抬升幅度300—400m,总上升量可达千米之巨。黄岗山的土壤之所以在若干重要分类指标上产生变异,其原因很可能是古环境遗留的特征仍居主导地位,近代成土作用只不过是在原来脱硅富铝化基础上的附加成土过程。     

江西南部鸡笼嶂组研究的新进展

分析了江西南部鸡笼嶂组划分的现状及存在的问题,提出了龙南盆地和石马剖面的“鸡笼嶂组”属中侏罗世－晚侏罗世早期余田群上部菖蒲组的一部分;菖蒲盆地的“鸡笼嶂组”属早白垩世晚期－晚白垩世早期版石群优胜组。鉴于安远、河岭、蔡坊、岩背等盆地的鸡笼嶂组属晚侏罗世,为火山喷发期的产物,而且整合于鸡笼嶂组之下的上丁组为火山初始期的产物,建议将赣南地区晚侏罗世火山活动形成的上丁组和鸡笼嶂组统称为莲花寨群。指出安远莲     

歧口凹陷新生界火成岩油藏特征及分布规律

歧口凹陷新生界发育了两类与火成岩相关的油藏：基性火山岩油藏和浅成侵入相辉绿岩蚀变带油藏,两者都为构造-岩性油藏。这两类油藏区域上受岩浆活动带控制,主要集中于NE向和EW向断裂转换带,并受烃源岩分布范围的影响而紧邻烃源岩分布;垂向上受区域盖层控制,集中于沙一中亚段和东三段。在转换带沙一中亚段和东三段内,火成岩能否富集成藏主要取决于储集系统的类型。开放式储集系统一方面利于流体替换使火成岩储集空间中的矿化水被及时排出减少次生矿物的形成,从而保护储集空间;另一方面利于富含有机酸流体进入火成岩储集体,通过溶蚀先期形成的杏仁体、裂缝充填物及火成岩中不稳定的矿物组分,使其储集空间扩大、容积增加,使火成岩的储集性能得以改善;另外,火成岩中的断裂通过与烃源岩的沟通为烃类注入富集成藏提供了必要的输导通道,致使这类储集系统能够富集烃类成藏。封闭式储集系统缺少这些条件,岩浆期后热液流体与成岩流体被包裹在火成岩储集空间内不能被排出,易形成次生矿物充填并堵塞这些空间,丧失其储集性能。部分未被充填的空间往往相互之间难以连通,并与生排烃地层隔绝而成为烃类难以注入的死孔隙,从而使这类储集系统难以聚集成藏。     

花岗岩体构造-化学特征与钨、锡成矿作用

本文以南岭几个金属矿床为例,阐明含矿复式岩体形成过程中岩浆入侵通道是否变动以及如何变动,影响到矿化分带特征。与单一入侵通道有关的岩浆-矿化具有明显的垂直分带,而与多个入侵通道有关的岩浆-矿化,则水平分带较为显著。构造类型影响矿石类型和成矿系列中各矿床类型间的相互关系。本文提出了各矿床类型间的过渡性、重叠性和互补性,并认为它们是客观存在的普遍现象。     

矾山岩浆岩型磷(铁)矿床成矿地质背景分析

在矾山磷（铁）矿床生成的海西─印支期,各方向深大断裂同时活动,为岩体和矿床源源不断地提供物源;张宣幔枝构造外围拆离滑脱带为其提供容岩空间;岩体在复盖层下的巨厚沉积盖层中分异、演化,同时伴随着印支期开阔宽缓的褶皱。它充分反映了矿床生成于准地台活化初期的大地构造背景环境。     

武夷山西麓宁都地区基底褶皱构造式样初步探讨

武夷山西麓宁都地区广泛分布一套成层有序的晚元古代浅变质岩系,长期以来被视为单斜构造。本文阐述了研究区基底褶皱的窨配置及褶皱式样,阐明了研究区的各紧密线状复式褶皱隶属区域大型复背斜的北翼,同时地基底褶皱的形成机制与后期改造作了地一步分析和探讨。     

差异流动变形破坏研究

工程岩体出现许多流变现象, 它最突出的特点是差异流动变形破坏。本文从流变现象及变形量测结果论述差异流动变形破坏特征, 并且根据蠕变流动变形破坏与时间的关系进行了差异流动变形分类, 这些类型同时存在于一个岩体或岩块内。