全站仪交汇法在高速公路路面沉降监测中的应用

文章介绍了全站仪交会法沉降监测,方便简洁地解决了测量人员不能进入的高速公路等特殊位置的测量问题,并通过对该方法的精度分析,论证了其可行性和有效性,对以后类似的测量工作提供经验和依据。     

Main Controlling Factors on Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Distribution in Marine Sedimentary Sequences in South China

Multiple source rock assemblages were deposited in the sedimentary provinces in South China in geologic history,and some of them were destructed by and some survived against multiple tectonic movements.Therefore,multiple sources,mixed sources,and uneven distribution of sources occurred in the marine sedimentary basins in South China during the late stage of hydrocarbon pooling.Epidiagenesis of the marine carbonate reservoirs and its modification to reservoir poroperm characteristics determined the formation and the scale of natural gas pools.The exploration practices show that the large to medium gas fields mainly occur in areas with high-quality reservoirs.Detailed study of the paleo-oil accumulations and typical oil and gas reservoirs reveals that the basins experienced multiphase superimposition and modification,leading to the distribution of the Paleozoic paleo-oil accumulations and bitumen in the peripheral areas.The phenomenon that oil and gas production concentrates in the Sichuan basin indicates that the overall sealing conditions of a basin determine the oil/gas potentials and the scale of oil and gas production.This is a critical factor controlling the accumulation and distribution of gas in the marine sequences in South China.The early oil and gas pools in the Yangtze platform left billions of bitumen in the peripheral areas due to the destruction of seals.Since the Himalayan,"late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools represented by the gas pools in the Sichuan (四川) basin were formed in the marine sedimentary sequences in South China as a result of the change of the sealing conditions.Current gas discoveries appear to be "paleo-generation and paleo-accumulation" gas pools but actually are "late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools.These patterns of hydrocarbon pooling clearly depict themselves in western Sichuan basin and Weiyuan (威远)gas field.It is revealed that the gas pools in the Sichuan basin were mainly formed as a result of hydrocarbon phase change (thermal cracking of oil to gas),miscible migration,and dynamic equilibration since the Himalayan.A large number of gas pools were formed in the Himalayan and the gas pools in the marine sequences are characterized by late pooling; this kind of gas fields/pools are controlled by:(1) effectiveness of modification and superimposition of the marine basins,(2) effectiveness of the source rocks,(3) effectiveness of the overall preservation conditions,and (4) effectiveness of plays.     

青藏高原边缘地区晚更新世人类遗存与生存模式

自20世纪80年代在青海小柴旦发现旧石器遗存以来,青藏高原边缘地区已经发现了10余处旧石器时代遗址,年代属晚更新世晚期。这些遗存显示,古人类在距今30ka左右开始尝试向这些高海拔地区扩散,但直至距今15ka以后才有更多的人群迁徙至此。通过对这些遗存分布位置、古环境特征、年代测定和石器技术、组合分析,得以管窥古人类对该地区的开发利用过程,并进而阐释史前人类技术发展、生存模式演变和古环境的耦合关系。     

GPS技术在山区石油地震勘探测量中的应用

针对GPS技术在山区石油地震勘探测量中的工作方式,结合2007年度南盘江一桂中地区二维地震大剖面资料采集应用GPS的工程实例,介绍GPS技术应用的新进展。通过GPS静态测量和应用RTK技术放样物理点,从测前准备、数据处理、精度分析等方面,阐述提高作业精度、有效进行质量控制的方法,旨在最大限度地发挥GPS技术在山区施工中的作用。     

拉拉铜矿黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征及其成因意义

四川会理拉拉铜矿床是我国著名大型富铜矿床,针对该矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素、稀土元素地球化学分析表明:拉拉铜矿经历了早期火山喷发成岩成矿和晚期变质成岩成矿作用.条带状矿石中的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值集中于4.92～79.2之间,落入火山成因黄铁矿区,稀土元素分布具有Eu正异常和轻稀土富集的特征,反映矿床具有伴随河口群火山喷流沉积成岩过程的同生沉积成矿作用.脉状矿石中的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值集中于1.10～3.45,落在热液成因黄铁矿区,稀土元素较河口群岩石及其他典型块状硫化物矿床矿石稀土元素更加富集轻稀土元素,稀土含量变化范围更大,显著的负Eu异常,则又说明,矿床形成的主要成矿作用是伴随新元古代晋宁运动而发生的大规模的变质作用.     

重金属污染胁迫下盐肤木的生化效应及波谱特征

利用遥感生物地球化学的原理和方法,分析了德兴铜矿的重金属污染状况和植物盐肤木的生物地球化学效应,对盐肤木生物地球化学效应的波谱特征进行了系统的提取和分析.研究发现酸、铜、镉等是德兴铜矿地区主要的环境污染因子,野外调查及样品的化验分析表明盐肤木对铜元素呈现一定的富集作用和很强的位移效应,是适合铜矿复垦的植被.利用导数光谱、包络线去除、红边效应、植被指数等光谱信息处理方法对盐肤木的野外波谱分析表明,随着叶片中Cu等金属元素含量的增大,其产生的毒化效应的波谱特征越明显,盐肤木叶片光谱反射率明显升高,波形蓝移,红边陡坡斜率增大,叶绿素吸收深度变浅,吸收中心稍有蓝移,水的吸收深度变浅,吸收中心位置红移,绿度指数变化明显.对波谱特征及其与重金属含量的相关关系综合分析后认为,红边特征、植被指数NDVI、叶绿素吸收深度与叶片铜含量关系显著,可以作为植被铜污染遥感图像特征提取的参考.     

火山热液型铅锌矿床岩石地球化学特征及预测指标

火山热液型铅锌矿床赋矿围岩、后期脉岩和蚀变岩石中成矿元素铅锌银含量高,矿体元素组合复杂,原生异常发育,并存在着原生分带现象。矿体前缘元素为I、Hg、As、Sb、B、Ba;近矿指示元素是Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、Cd、Mn、Cu;尾部或矿下指示元素为Cu、Mo、W、Sn。根据矿床指示元素的分布规律和原生晕的分带性,研制了判别矿床剥蚀程度和评价异常的地球化学指标,建立了该类矿床的地球化学找矿预测标志。     

高放废物处置库天然类比及其有关的地球化学问题

介绍了高放废物处置库天然类比研究的主要内容,重点阐述了类比研究中涉及的地球化学问题,包括核素溶解度和化学形态研究、核素迁移速率研究、核素迁移影响因素研究,并总结相关问题研究取得的成果和认识.     

Fractal-like adsorption kinetics of Pb^2＋ in rocks

The adsorption kinetics of Pb^2＋ in rocks has been studied using ion selective electrodes and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the adsorption process is a fractal-like reaction. The adsorption rate was relatively high before 30 minutes, and then dropped. The saturated adsorption capacity （a） of Pb^2＋ and kinetic parameters （b, a, D and k） increased with increasing initial concentrations of Pb^2＋. These parameters （except a） decreased while Na^＋ was present in the solution. Furthermore, the smaller the rocks were in grain size, the bigger these kinetic parameters would be, though the parameter a was almost constant.     

Regional yield estimation for winter wheat with MODIS-NDVI data in Shandong, China

The significance of crop yield estimation is well known in agricultural management and policy development at regional and national levels. The primary objective of this study was to test the suitability of the method, depending on predicted crop production, to estimate crop yield with a MODIS-NDVI-based model on a regional scale. In this paper, MODIS-NDVI data, with a 250 m resolution, was used to estimate the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in one of the main winter-wheat-growing regions. Our study region is located in Jining, Shandong Province. In order to improve the quality of remote sensing data and the accuracy of yield prediction, especially to eliminate the cloud-contaminated data and abnormal data in the MODIS-NDVI series, the Savitzky–Golay filter was applied to smooth the 10-day NDVI data. The spatial accumulation of NDVI at the county level was used to test its relationship with winter wheat production in the study area. A linear regressive relationship between the spatial accumulation of NDVI and the production of winter wheat was established using a stepwise regression method. The average yield was derived from predicted production divided by the growing acreage of winter wheat on a county level. Finally, the results were validated by the ground survey data, and the errors were compared with the errors of agro-climate models. The results showed that the relative errors of the predicted yield using MODIS-NDVI are between −4.62% and 5.40% and that whole RMSE was 214.16 kg ha⁻¹ lower than the RMSE (233.35 kg ha⁻¹) of agro-climate models in this study region. A good predicted yield data of winter wheat could be got about 40 days ahead of harvest time, i.e. at the booting-heading stage of winter wheat. The method suggested in this paper was good for predicting regional winter wheat production and yield estimation.