潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的物理学

简要回顾了潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的基本物理概念、内涵、研究方法、研究成果,指出了主要的研究进展,最后,展望了今后的研究方向。本文不考虑悬沙和风浪的影响。经典的河口环流也因潮汐应变的出现而受到挑战,河口环流由重力环流和潮汐应变环流构成。"涡黏度-剪切协方差(ESCO)"概念的提出,又区分出重力ESCO环流与潮汐ESCO环流。横向环流,尤其具有曲率的弯道中的横向环流,也得到进一步的理解。涡度方法的应用,揭示横向环流不仅由各种不同物理机制造成,而且对纵向河口重力环流有重要的影响。分层流中剪切湍流的理论加深了人们对潮汐河口湍流、混合的物理学的认识,势能差异方程更是使得定量理解潮汐河口混合与层化的三维时间、空间变化成为可能。     

基于WebGIS的GIS网络虚拟实验室建设

虚拟实验室是高校教学改革的重点方向之一,WebGIS技术完全可以将传统桌面GIS软件上机操作过程中的各个功能移植到Web客户端中。基于WebGIS技术,设计一个基于REST服务和Ajax客户端的GIS网络虚拟实验室,重点研究GIS网络虚拟实验室的系统体系架构,对虚拟实验室中的各个组成部分和功能进行设计,设计的GIS网络虚拟实验室能够提高学生上机实验过程中的学习兴趣和积极性,提高GIS上机实验教学效率和教学质量,为其它同类课程建设网络虚拟实验室提供技术参考。     

Intrusions of Kuroshio and Shelf Waters on Northern Slope of South China Sea in Summer 2015

The northern slope region of the South China Sea(SCS) is a biological hot spot characterized by high primary productivity and biomasses transported by cross-shelf currents, which support the spawning and growth of commercially and ecologically important fish species. To understand the physical and biogeochemical processes that promote the high primary production of this region, we conducted a cruise from June 10 and July 2, 2015. In this study, we used fuzzy cluster analysis and optimum multiparameter analysis methods to analyze the hydrographic data collected during the cruise to determine the compositions of the upper 55-m water masses on the SCS northern slope and thereby elucidate the cross-slope transport of shelf water(SHW) and the intrusions of Kuroshio water(KW). We also analyzed the geostrophic currents derived from acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and satellite data. The results reveal the surface waters on the northern slope of the SCS to be primarily composed of waters originating from South China Sea water(SCSW), KW, and SHW. The SCSW dominated a majority of the study region at percentages ranging between 60% and 100%. We found a strong cross-slope current with speeds greater than 50 cms~(-1) to have carried SHW into and through the surveyed slope area, and KW to have intruded onto the slope via mesoscale eddies, thereby dominating the southwestern section of the study area.     

Sea State Bias Estimation with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)

With the sea-level rising, the measurement of sea surface height (SSH) is attracting more and more attention in the area of oceanography. Satellite radar altimeter is usually used to measure the SSH. However, deviation between the measured value and the actual one always exists. Among others, the sea state bias (SSB) is a main reason to cause the deviation. In general, one needs to estimate SSB first to correct the measured SSH. Currently, existing SSB estimation methods more or less have shortcomings, such as with many parameters, high prediction error and long training time. In this paper, we introduce an effective and efficient linear model called LASSO to the SSB estimation. The LASSO algorithm minimizes the residual sum of squares under the condition that the sum of the absolute values of each coefficient is less than a certain constant. In the implementation of LASSO, we use the significant wave height and wind speed to fit the LASSO model. Hence, the applied model has only 3 parameters, corresponding to the two inputs and a bias. Experimental results on the data of JASON-2, JASON-3, T/P and HY-2 radar altimetry show that LASSO performs better than geophysical data records (GDR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Moreover, from the running time, we can see that LASSO is very efficient.     

Analysis on Link Between the Macroscopic and Microscopic Air–Water Properties in Self-Aerated Flows

Self-aeration in high-speed free surface flows occurs commonly and is of interest to ocean engineering, hydraulic engineering, and environmental engineering. For two-phase air–water flows, macroscopic air–water flow properties develop gradually, accompanied by the change of microscopic air–water structures. In this article, representational experimental studies on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of self-aerated open-channel flows are summarized and compared. The isolated effect of the flow Reynolds number and air quantity on the differences in air count rate and chord size are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the characterized flow depth y₅₀, affected by the turbulence transfer, is a specific criterion to distinguish the interior air–water structure development. Two distinct linear trends of self-aeration are found, depending on the y₅₀/y₉₀ variation with a breaking point at C_mean = 0.50. The air count rate and size scale in self-aerated flows are affected by the air quantity of self-aerated flows, even with identical flow Reynolds numbers. Thus, a specific parameter is proposed to assess the air–water structures and a series of self-similarity relationships in self-aeration properties are obtained. The link between macroscopic and microscopic air–water properties results in significant scale effect on air–water structures in self-aerated flows.     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的海洋环境研究——印度洋海表风速变化趋势

文章利用ERA-40海表10m风场,采用一元线性回归方法,计算印度洋海表风速在45年间(1957年9月至2002年8月)的逐年变化趋势,为"21世纪海上丝绸之路"建设、海上风能开发和全球气候变化研究等提供科学依据。研究表明:海表风速呈显著性逐年递增的区域主要分布于25°S—10°N的海域和南半球咆哮西风带所控制的海域,递增趋势为0.01~0.035m·s-1·a-1,仅零星海域呈显著性递减趋势,其余海域的海表风速无显著变化趋势;南、北印度洋的海表风速分别以0.010 2m·s-1·a-1和0.004 7m·s-1·a-1的速度显著性逐年线性递增,年平均海表风速分别在7.5m·s-1左右和5.2m·s-1左右;南、北印度洋存在共同的2.6~2.7a和5.2a的变化周期以及26a以上的长周期变化,且海表风速的突变期分别为1989年和1978—1980年。     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop序列的黄斑篮子鱼群体遗传多样性分析

对中国华南沿海不同地理群体的黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)进行遗传多样性分析, 测定了漳州东山湾(DS)、深圳大亚湾(DY)、深圳大鹏湾(DP)、阳江沙扒湾(SB) 4个群体共计100尾黄斑篮子鱼线粒体DNA D-loop序列。结果显示: 序列长度约828bp, 包含72个变异位点, 50个单倍型, A、T、C、G含量平均为31.2%、31.1%、20.8%和16.9%; 单倍型多样性指数为0.893±0.053~0.957±0.030, 核苷酸多样性指数为0.0105±0.0031~0.0179±0.0031, 表现为高单倍型多样性而低核苷酸多样性的特点; 群体内的遗传距离0.0107~0.0184, 群体间的遗传距离0.0112~0.0172, AMOVA分析显示群体间的分子变异占0.66%, 群体内占99.34%; 中性检验结果表明Fu’s F_s检验值为显著的负值(-16.7079, p<0.01); 核苷酸不配对分布图呈单峰, 表明黄斑篮子鱼演化过程中经历过种群扩张事件, 推测扩张时间约在1.38~4.60万年前。综上, 华南沿海岸4个黄斑篮子鱼群体间不存在显著的遗传分化, 可划归一个管理单元, 而沙扒湾(SB)群体遗传多样性水平相对较高, 应优先加以保护。     

Cost-efficient scheduling of FAST observations

A cost-efficient schedule for the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) requires to maximize the number of observable proposals and the overall scientific priority, and minimize the overall slew-cost generated by telescope shifting, while taking into account the constraints including the astronomical objects visibility, user-defined observable times, avoiding Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). In this contribution, first we solve the problem of maximizing the number of observable proposals and scientific priority by modeling it as a Minimum Cost Maximum Flow (MCMF) problem. The optimal schedule can be found by any MCMF solution algorithm. Then, for minimizing the slew-cost of the generated schedule, we devise a maximally-matchable edges detection-based method to reduce the problem size, and propose a backtracking algorithm to find the perfect matching with minimum slew-cost. Experiments on a real dataset from NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) show that, the proposed scheduler can increase the usage of available times with high scientific priority and reduce the slew-cost significantly in a very short time.     

桐柏-大别山区高压变质相的构造配置

作为华北和扬子陆块间的碰撞造山带桐柏大别山区以发育高压、超高压变质带为特征,从南到北变质相从低级到高级,代表俯冲带深度不同的变质产物,整体形成高压变质相系列。不过现今各变质相岩石的分布极受后期地壳规模的伸展构造控制,大别杂岩的穹隆作用更使高压变质相带的空间分布复杂化。超高压变质岩今日多呈大小不等的块体嵌布于相对低压的大别杂岩之内,造山带根部物质的热软化,使许多深层地幔物质得以像挤牙膏一样挤出于大别杂岩内。它们之中广泛发育着减压退变质的显微结构,与大别杂岩内一些麻粒岩相表壳岩所保存的减压退变质证迹一样,同是挤出作用和碰撞后隆升的构造证迹。高压相系的发育使南桐柏山和大别山迥然不同于桐商（ 商丹） 断裂以北的北秦岭北淮阳变质带。新近发表的同位素年代学（４０Ａｒ ３９ Ａｒ） 资料：３１６ ～４３４ Ｍａ ,已证明北秦岭是古生代变质带,它与桐柏－ 大别印支期碰撞造山带差异甚大。这两个变质地温梯度差异甚大的变质地体的拼合,说明华北和扬子陆块碰撞的主缝合带是商丹－ 桐商断裂带     

会理—东川坳拉槽对铜多金属成矿的控制

本文在论述会理—东川坳拉槽的地质构造特征和主要铜矿床类型的基础上,着重指出坳拉槽火山活动、生长断裂、次级局限盆地、富铜地幔及坳拉槽构造演化阶段与坳拉槽沿走向地壳类型变化是控制铜多金属成矿的主要构造因素。