地面电场资料在雷电预警技术中的应用

论述利用地面电场仪的探测资料对雷电预警预报的技术方法，以大气电场测量为基础，利用地面电场仪的组网，实现自动、连续、实时监测雷雨云中强雷电活动中心在地面产生的电场强度、极性以及闪电数等，提供监测范围内雷暴强电荷活动中心的发生发展演变特征和整个雷暴过程中雷电活动位置和发展信息。同时结合闪电定位系统的观测，为雷电的监测和预报提供更充分的信息。     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)重组铁蛋白富集锰铁后的磁学性质解析

利用埋栖性双壳类生物泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)重组铁蛋白富集锰铁的性质,在不同锰铁浓度下制备Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒,通过扫描电镜观察高、中和低三个浓度下制备Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒的表面形貌,通过PPMS综合物性测量系统测定Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒的磁学性质。结果显示,在低浓度(0.1mmol/L)锰铁制备的Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒粒径均一,分散性好;发现Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白的磁滞回线均表现为超顺磁性,且随着重组铁蛋白对锰铁富集量的增加,磁性强度随之增大,增加速率逐渐减小。通过本实验探索高、中和低三个浓度下制备Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒的磁化强度变化规律,为Fe-铁蛋白和Mn-铁蛋白磁性纳米颗粒的应用提供数据支持。     

Review on localized boundary integral equation:Discrete wavenumber method for 2D irregular layers

The pioneer study of simulating the wave field in media with irregular interface belongs to Aki and Larner.Since that many numerical methods on the subject have been developed,such as pure numerical techniques,ray method and boundary method.The boundary method based on boundary integral equation is a semi-analytical method which is suitable to modeling wave field induced by irregular border.According to the property of the applied Green's function the boundary methods can be sorted into space domain boundary method and wavenumber domain boundary method.For both of them it is necessary to solve a large equation,which means much computation is needed.Thus,it is difficult for the boundary methods to be applied in simulating wave field with high frequency or in large range.To develop a new method with less computation is meaningful.For this purpose,localized boundary integral equation,i.e.,discrete wavenumber method is proposed.It is rooted in the Bouchon-Campillo method,an important wavenumber domain boundary method.Firstly the force on interface is separated into two parts:one is on flat part and the other on irregular part of the interface.Then Fourier transform is applied to identify their relation,the unknown distributes only on irregular part.Consequently computation efficiency is dramatically improved.Importantly its accuracy is the same as that of Bouchon-Campillo.     

Fitness‐related consequences shed light on the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis

We know of no comparative assessment on the benefits and costs of long‐term covering and sheltering behaviors in sea urchins. The present study investigated the long‐term effects of conditions suitable for sheltering and covering behaviors on fitness‐related traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis. In general, conditions suitable for covering and sheltering behaviors significantly affected the fitness‐related traits of G. crenularis in a long‐term laboratory study of 31 months. Glyptocidaris crenularis kept in conditions suitable for sheltering behavior (bricks with openings) showed significantly lower test size, body weight, organ (test, lantern, gonad and gut) weights, gonad index and slower gonad development than those kept in conditions suitable for covering behavior (presence of shells) and the control conditions (without conditions for covering and sheltering). However, the index of maximum pressure resistance of the test was significantly higher in G. crenularis kept in the sheltering conditions than those in the covering and control conditions. The present study provides new insight into the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors and has implications for the conservation and aquaculture of sea urchins.     

Geochemistry and origin of deep-seated cracked gas on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag, Shandong Province

Deep-seated cracked gas exploration was achieved great breakthrough in Es4L of the Minfeng area on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag. Carbon isotopic and molecular compositions studies revealed the characteristics of wet gas and a normal trend of carbon isotopic composition. Empirical cutoff points of δ13C2 and δ13C3 and light hydrocarbon compositions distinguished the cracking gas as sapropelic gas. Variations in i/nC5, i/nC4 and δ13C2 fur-ther confirmed that the gas was cracked from residual kerogen. Source characteristics indicated that the gas was de-rived from mature-highly mature source rocks of Es4 with kerogen type II being dominant mixed with some oil-cracking gas. Burial history modeling indicated that there were two hydrocarbon charging periods in Es4L reser-voirs. The first period refers to the Guantao-Minghuazhen stage dominated by oil charging, while the second period refers to the Minghuazhen stage and has been dominated by cracked gas charging till now.     

Using hourly measurements to explore the role of secondary inorganic aerosol in PM2.5 during haze and fog in Hangzhou,China

This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol （SIA） species ammonium,NH4＋,nitrate,NO3-,and sulfate,SO24-,during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou,China.A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012.The samples were analyzed and classified as clear,haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity （RH）.The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5 mass increased to ～50％ during haze and fog.The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 increased from 11％ during clear to 20％ during haze episodes.Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze,while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes.The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined,with optimal correlation at 60％-70％ RH.The total acidity during clear,haze and fog periods was 42.38,48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3,respectively,indicating that sulfate,nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period.The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio,as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio,indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods.During haze and fog,the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.6-1.7,while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.2-1.5,indicating that both gaseous NO2 and SO2 were involved in the reduced visibility.     

渤中坳陷上第三系三角洲的发现、沉积特征及其油气勘探意义

长期以来,受勘探程度的影响,渤海湾盆地渤海海域上第三系一直都被认为是河流相沉积,缺乏良好的盖层,勘探风险较大,这一认识束缚了渤海海域上第三系的油气勘探。随着近年来勘探程度的增强,认识到渤海海域渤中坳陷是渤海湾盆地晚第三纪的主要汇水区之一,在渤中坳陷上第三系发现了湖相沉积及湖泊内的重要储集体-三角洲沉积。本文从构造演化、微体古生物、沉积构造、地球物理等方面阐述了渤中坳陷湖相沉积及三角洲沉积存在的地质证据,并将该区上第三系的三角洲划分为两种类型即湖泊正常三角洲和辫状三角洲,并对其沉积特征进行了精细描述,总结了其形成条件和分布规律。渤中坳陷三角洲的发现具有重要的油气勘探意义,上第三系三角洲发育区将是本区今后上第三系勘探的主战场     

基于SWAT模型的淮河上游流域设计洪水修订

变化环境下洪水序列的一致性遭到破坏,引发基于统计原理计算的设计洪水可靠性下降,亟需开展非一致性条件下的设计洪水修订研究.以淮河上游流域为研究区域,运用Pettitt检验法和滑动t检验法综合检测年最大洪峰流量序列突变点,在此基础上,采用SWAT分布式水文模型对变异前的洪峰与洪量序列进行还现,利用径流深的模拟结果修订设计洪...     

秦皇岛地区上古生界沉积特征与沉积演化

目前渤海湾盆地中浅层油气资源勘探已进入中、高成熟阶段,上古生界现成为寻找和发现潜在油气资源的重要领域,对上古生界地层特征、沉积相类型及沉积演化过程进行深入研究,对于油气勘探具有一定的指导作用。以沉积学理论为指导,以华北东部地区秦皇岛石门寨上古生界野外露头剖面为基础,通过对其进行详细勘测,识别岩性特征、地层序列以及发育的沉积相类型,明确沉积演化过程。研究表明,秦皇岛地区上古生界自下而上可分为本溪组、太原组、山西组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组及石千峰组,共识别出潮坪相、潟湖相、障壁岛相、台地相、浅水三角洲相及河流相6种主要的沉积相类型;本溪组—太原组发育潮坪相、潟湖相、障壁岛相、台地相,山西组发育浅水三角洲相,下石盒子组—石千峰组发育河流相。研究区上古生界经历了由海相—海陆过渡相—陆相的沉积演化过程。     

Sap-flow measurement and scale transferring from sample trees to entire forest stand of Populus euphratica in desert riparian forest in extreme arid region

Understanding how the transpiration of this vegetation type responds to environmental stress is important for determining the wa-ter-balance dynamics of the riparian ecosystem threatened by groundwater depletion. Transpiration and sap flow were measured using the heat-pulse technique. The results were then projected up to the stand level to investigate the stand’s water-use in relation to climate forcing in the desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region. This study took place from April through October 2003 and from May through October 2004. The experimental site was selected in the Populus euphratica Forest Reserve (101o10’ E, 41o59’ N) in Ejina county, in the lower Heihe River basin, China. The sapwood area was used as a scalar to extrapolate the stand-water consumption from the whole trees’ water consumption measured by the heat-pulse velocity recorder (HPVR). Scale transferring from a series of individual trees to a stand was done according to the existing natural variations between trees under given environmental conditions. The application of the biometric parameters available from individual tree and stand levels was proved suitable for this purpose. A significant correlation between the sapwood area and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found. The prediction model is well fitted by the power model. On the basis of the prediction model, the sapwood area can be cal-culated by DBH. The sap-flow density can then be used to extrapolate the stand-water use by means of a series of mathematical models.