中国沿海城市的气块后向轨迹分析

该文讨论了大连、青岛、上海、福州、厦门和广州６个沿海城市的气块长距离后向输送轨迹。输送层假设在１５００ｍ上。计算了１９８５年１、４、７、１０月份的轨迹。轨迹分析得出：①气块后向轨迹与天气形势和季节有关，且南北方有差异；②北方沿海城市的７２小时气块后向轨迹输送距离要比南方沿海城市远些。     

基于水环境化学及稳定同位素联合示踪的土地利用类型对地下水体氮素归趋影响

识别复杂土地利用类型对地下水体氮素归趋的影响一直是非点源污染研究中的重点及难点。本文采用水环境化学及同位素联合示踪法对具有复杂地类的三江平原阿布胶河流域地下水体中氮素归趋进行解析研究。结果表明：研究区域内地下水体中存在严重的氮素污染,部分点位超出标准限值近4倍。土地利用类型不仅是氮素浓度和水化学类型演变的主导因素,而且对地下水体氮素循环过程及氮素来源产生了重要的影响。其中：在林地区域内,硝态氮占主导,氮素主要来源于土壤有机氮硝化;在城镇区域内,硝态氮超标,具有较高的氯离子浓度,主要来源于粪便及废水,受硝化过程所控制;在水田区域：铵态氮超标,具有较高的硝酸盐同位素值（δ ¹⁵N-NO₃ ^-和δ ¹⁸O-NO₃ ^-）且二者存在显著的线性关系,表明存在着显著的反硝化过程。在旱田区域,硝态氮占主导,氮素来源及循环过程较为复杂,受反硝化及雨水混合过程等多重影响,难以单一使用同位素示踪法进行溯源解析。通过联合水化学解析法能进一步揭示该区域氮素污染主要来源于肥料施用。因此,通过联合示踪法能够补充复杂土地利用区域氮素来源识别工作的缺陷,提升地下水体氮素归趋识别的精度。     

Molecular phylogeny of oligotrich genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium (Protozoa, Ciliophora) for the systematical relationships within Family Strombidiidae

The phylogeny of the oligotrich ciliates is currently a hot debate despite the availability of both morphological and molecular data. In the present paper, further small subunit rRNA (SS rRNA) genes were analyzed from the Genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium, as well as from Strombidium, and combined with three new SS rRNA sequences from Strombidium basimorphum, S. sulcatum population QD-1, and Novistrombidium testaceum population GD. The phylogenetic positions of these organisms were inferred using Bayesian inference, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum Parsimony methods. The main results are: (1) the SS rRNA gene sequence analyses match the recent findings about the molecular evolution of oligotrichs, indicating that the family Strombidiidae is paraphyletic; (2) the Genus Omegastrombidium is separated from the Genus Strombidium, as shown in recent cladistic analyses; (3) morphospecies in Genus Novistrombidium, based on similarity of somatic ciliature, are separated from each other in all topological trees, indicating that this genus could be a paraphyletic group; (4) the molecular data indicate a possibility of paraphyly for the genus Strombidium; and (5) the similarities of the SS rRNA gene of specimens identified as S. sulcatum and S. inclinatum are 99.8%–100%. However, present knowledge on the oligotrichs sensu stricto is still insufficient and further studies based on both molecular and other technologies are required.     

Study on the Adsorption of Metal Ions by Immobilized Marine Algae with the Existence of Clay

The process of adsorption of metal ions by immobilized marine algae with the existence of clay was investigated. It can be noted from the results that, after mixing with clay, the adsorption rate increases rapidly with the increasing amount of the marine algae. When pH=5, the best ratio between the clay and the marine algae is 1：4 for Pb^2＋. The result of in situ handling of the waste water containing heavy metals shows that the average adsorption rates of heavy metal irons Cu^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Ni^2＋ are all over 70 %.     

Preparation and Certification of Reference Materials (GBW07397, GBW07398, GBW07399 and GBW07400) for Selenium and Other Trace Element Mass Fractions

The preparation and characterisation of certified reference materials of four selenium‐rich rocks (GBW07397 to GBW07400) are described in this paper. The raw materials were derived from selenium‐rich rocks in two famous seleniferous regions, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province and Ziyang County, Shaanxi Province, China. Sample homogeneity and stability were tested by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The determined element mass fractions included selenium, arsenic, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, lead, vanadium and silver. Except for silver, the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the relative standard deviations of the element mass fractions showed that the four materials exhibited good homogeneity and stability. Ten laboratories were involved in an interlaboratory comparison scheme for certification. Eight element mass fractions in the selenium‐rich rocks were assigned as certified values, while only indicative values were obtained for Ag mass fractions. The certified values and expanded uncertainties for the selenium mass fractions in GBW07397–GBW07400 are 0.96 ± 0.05, 1.03 ± 0.05, 49 ± 4 and 38.5 ± 1.9 μg g^?1, respectively.     

利用Landsat卫星影像研究浙闽地区表层悬浮体的分布和迁移

基于2007年2月和2015年6月的东海悬浮体浓度数据,分别对2007年2月、7月的Landsat Thematic Mapper(Landsat-TM)和2014年12月、2015年6月Landsat Operational Land Imager(Landsat-OLI)卫星影像建立表层悬浮体浓度反演模型,发现建立的指数函数模型反演效果最佳,相关系数分别为0.971和0.856,其可以反映冬夏两季表层悬浮体分布特征及其控制作用。研究发现,浙闽沿岸海域表层悬浮体浓度呈近岸高远岸低、冬季高夏季低的特点;冬季浙闽沿岸流携带的表层悬浮体浓度范围为10~28 mg/L,台湾暖流为1.5~5 mg/L;夏季浙闽沿岸流携带的表层悬浮体浓度范围为4~22 mg/L,台湾暖流为1.2~2.3 mg/L。并且在冬季发现在40 m水深海域存在较明显的表层悬浮体浓度次级锋面及一系列涡旋,而夏季不明显,推测冬季悬浮体对现代浙闽涡旋泥质区形成有所贡献。     

基于GA-SVM的矿井涌水量预测

矿井涌水量的准确预测对预防矿山透水事故的发生至关重要,提出利用GA优化的SVM模型（GA-SVM）来实现矿井涌水量的短期准确预测。该方法利用GA的自动寻优功能寻找SVM的最佳参数,提高了预测的准确率。首先,利用微熵率法求矿井涌水量时间序列的最佳嵌入维数和延迟时间,进行相空间重构。其次,采集义煤集团千秋煤矿2011—2015年实际涌水量的时间序列,利用GA-SVM模型对最后12组数据进行预测,其预测平均绝对百分比误差仅为0.92%,最大相对误差为2.62%。最后,与PSO-SVM和BP神经网络预测进行对比,结果表明GA-SVM优化模型适用于矿井涌水量的预测并且预测精度较高。     

黔南FAST周边典型喀斯特峰丛洼地石漠化生态修复模式研究——以平塘县克度镇刘家湾周边为例

为探讨黔南平塘县及周边喀斯特峰丛洼地石漠化生态治理与农户生计模式,在分析区内水土资源及其空间匹配结构特征,以及石漠化与生态景观垂直分异规律的基础上,提出了：（1）峰丛洼地生物多样性藤冠配置技术模式,包含轻度石漠化藤本+乔木模式、中度石漠化藤本+灌木模式、重度石漠化藤本+草本模式;（2）峰丛坡地“下修复、上保育”的分段治理（垂直分异）模式及其技术体系,包含峰顶生态公益林自然恢复（保育）模式、峰丛中上坡生态经济型林草生态修复与混农林业模式、峰丛下坡高效复合农林经营与水土保持（生态修复）模式;（3）筛选出酥李、西番莲、土人参、旱脆王枣、欧李等耐瘠耐旱适生品种,并对这些品种及其组合模式的经济、社会与生态效益进行了初步分析,得到西番莲+冰脆酥李、西番莲+土人参、西番莲+酥李+土人参等生物多样性配置模式的经济效益最佳,其是就地解决洼地农户生计的有效途径,这在类似地区有重要的推广和应用价值。     

南亚热带不同菌根类型树种叶凋落物化学性质

文章以南亚热带24种木本植物（丛枝菌根、外生菌根和固氮树种各8种）叶凋落物为研究对象,探讨不同菌根类型树种叶凋落物化学性质的差异性。结果表明：叶凋落物在碳相关化学性质、养分含量以及化学计量比特征方面均表现出较大程度变异。不同菌根类型树种碳相关化学性质没有显著差异（P > 0.05）,而养分含量（N、P、Mg）和化学计量特征（C/P、N/P）差异显著（P < 0.01）。固氮树种叶凋落物N含量（16.1 g · kg⁻¹）显著高于丛枝菌根树种（10.1 g · kg⁻¹）和外生菌根树种（10.7 g · kg⁻¹）,但丛枝菌根树种叶凋落物P含量（0.4 g · kg⁻¹）要显著高于固氮树种（0.1 g · kg⁻¹）和外生菌根树种（0.08 g · kg⁻¹）,而外生菌根树种Mg含量（0.51 g · kg⁻¹）则显著高于丛枝菌根树种（0.19 g · kg⁻¹）和固氮树种（0.03 g · kg⁻¹）;此外,固氮树种C/P和N/P均显著高于丛枝菌根树种。在南亚热带退化生态系统恢复过程中,应考虑不同菌根类型树种叶凋落物化学性质的差异,依据不同菌根类型树种养分利用策略的差异性选择适宜的恢复树种。     

福建东山湾八尺门海域水体及沉积物中的重金属污染评价

本研究分析了2013年10月东山湾八尺门海域表层海水和沉积物中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量,并基于多种方法进行评价。结果显示,研究海域表层海水中重金属含量符合《海水水质标准》第一类标准,重金属污染指数法评价显示污染风险较低。沉积物中Pb、Cd、Zn含量均符合《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准,整体污染水平较低;潜在生态风险指数大小顺序为：Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn,沉积物重金属污染整体情况良好,但个别站位的Cd的潜在生态风险指数超过40,应加以关注;地累积指数评价法显示总体污染情况较轻,其地累积指数平均值大小依次为Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd。纵观1990年至2013年的研究结果,东山湾水体中重金属含量总体呈先升高后降低的趋势;与同期相比,东山湾水体中的重金属含量与福建其他海域相差不大,而沉积物中重金属含量比其他海域稍高。