土屋-延东斑岩型铜(钼)矿床多源信息找矿模型

为提高东天山铜镍成矿带内的矿产勘查效益，文章综合了区域成矿环境、矿床特征、地球物理场、地球化学场等成矿信息，尝试建立了土屋—延东斑岩型铜钼矿床的多源信息找矿模型。认为成矿带内铜矿资源远景良好，必将成为我国又一个铜矿资源潜力区。     

云南金平晚二叠纪玄武岩特征及其与峨眉地幔柱关系——地球化学证据

分布于哀牢山－红河断裂带西南侧的金坪上二叠统玄武岩属于低钛拉斑玄武岩（LT）（Ti/Y＜500）。其地球化学特征总体与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）相似,根据其岩相学、主量元素,微量元素特征,将其划分为LT1和LT2两个地球化学亚类型,它们的分布和主要地球化学标志为：LT1分布于下部,高Mg^#(48-63),SiO2(50%-56%),高∑REE(118-145μg/g）、低Fe2O3（1．36％－1．63％）,Na2O(1.88%-3.17%),TiO2(1.37%-1.92%),高Th、U,低Nb,Ta和Sr负异常;LT2分布于上部,低SiO2(47%-56%),Sr强负异常,二者地球化学特征的差异是同一母岩浆经不同的分离结晶和同化混染作用的结果,金平与宾川峨眉山的化学地层学对比表明,金平LT1和LT2玄武岩与宾川峨眉山玄武岩下部的LT1、LT2十分相似,它们可能是同时,或在类似的环境下形成,金平玄武岩属于峨眉山大火山岩省的一部分,同为峨眉地幔柱早期活动的产物。新生代哀牢山－红河断裂的左滑剪运动导致了宾川与金平玄武岩的错位。     

Climate and environmental changes over the past 150 years inferred from the sediments of Chaiwopu Lake, central Tianshan Mountains, northwest China

We used a 55-cm sediment core from shallow Chaiwopu Lake in the central Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, northwest China, to investigate climate and environmental changes in this arid region over the past ~150 years. The core was dated using ¹³⁷Cs. We compared temporal changes in several sediment variables with recent meteorological and tree-ring records. Organic matter had a positive correlation with the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central Tianshan Mountains, and the δ¹³C of organic matter had a positive correlation with regional temperature. We applied constrained incremental sum-of-squares cluster analysis to element concentrations in the core and identified three distinct zones: (1) 55–46 cm, ~1860–1910, (2) 46–26 cm, ~1910–1952, and (3) 26–0 cm, 1952–present. Between 1880 and 1910 AD, following the Little Ice Age (LIA), the sediment environment was relatively stable, climate was cold and dry, and the lake water displayed high salinity, in contrast to conditions during the LIA. During the LIA, westerlies carried more water vapor into Central Asia when the North Atlantic Oscillation was in a negative phase, and encountered the enhanced Siberia High, which probably led to increased precipitation. In the period 1910–1950 AD, the lake was shallow and the regional climate was unstable, with high temperatures and humidity. In the last ~15–20 years, human activities caused an increase in sediment magnetic susceptibility, and heavy metal and total phosphorus concentrations in the sediment were substantially enriched. Mean annual temperature displays a warming trend over the past 50 years, and the lowest temperature was observed in the 1950s. There has been an increase in annual total precipitation since the 1990s. The combined influences of climate and human activity on the lake environment during this period were faithfully recorded in sediments of Chaiwopu Lake. This study provides a scientific basis for environmental management and protection.     

基于气候重建资料及均生函数-最优子集回归模型的降水预测

利用由科尔沁沙地榆树区域综合年表而重建的181a降水序列,采用均生函数-最优子集回归(MGF-OSR)预测模型对科尔沁沙地降水进行了5a情景的预测,克服了以往序列短的不足.模型建模期相对误差绝对值在3％、5％、10％以内的年数分别占建模年数的36.46％、64.64％、93.37％,建模期模拟精度较高.2007～2010年实测检验期,模拟与实测值保持了方向一致性,各年份相对误差绝对值分别为11.40％、6.73％、22.06％、5.49％,大部分年份预测较理想.经预测,2011～2015年期间,2011年、2012年、2014年和2015年为降水正常年份,2013年为降水偏干年份.与实际情况对比,2011年与预测一致,2012年稍有差别.总体上,2011～2015年降水变化较为平缓.     

压(扭)性动力学环境下动力机制转换与板内沉降坳陷形成

中国大陆自海西构造运动末期-印支构造运动初期,各主要洋盆基本碰撞关闭并褶皱成山,焊接为统一大陆板块,构成中新生代山-盆体系,形成在印度板块和太平洋板块夹持作用下,以板内构造特点发展演化的格局。板内盆地是指中国大陆在二叠纪末(或三叠纪初)大洋板块关闭,焊接为一体的大陆板块全部或基本转为陆相沉积时期的重要构造类型。中国西北区中新生代盆地形成演化进程归属汇聚板缘洋壳俯冲或碰撞构造动力远距离传递影响下的板内构造动力学和运动学作用范畴。文章通过对中国西北部中新生代盆地在压性、压扭性动力场环境中,不同类型原型盆地(或坳陷)的沉降运动轨迹和方式,及其形成、演化过程的构造及沉积层系蕴育的构造运动学过程遗迹及后期演化、改造的证据研究,探索盆-山耦合动力系统的构造运动学过程及其对构造变形体系的制约机制,以揭示中国西部盆-山耦合体系构造动力学机制及其动力转换。     

科尔沁沙地典型区域地表环境变化与气候变化的响应关系

以科尔沁沙地阿古拉苏木为典型代表区域, 应用1987-2006年20 a间12幅遥感影像及相应气候数据, 分析了地表环境变化与气候变化间的响应关系, 提出了表征响应敏感程度、影响程度大小排序的气候因子影响指数(CFII). 结果表明: 近20 a研究区地表环境变化表现为不断恶化的趋势. 各类地表环境变化与气候因子变化间有着良好的响应关系, 各类气候因子变化以不同方式和过程不同程度地影响着地表环境的变化. 响应敏感度最大, 即对地表环境变化影响最大的是相对湿度, 其次为降水量和蒸发量. 水分条件是制约干旱半干旱地区地表环境变化的主导因素.     

西藏羌塘扎仁中侏罗世巴通期(布曲组)岩相古地理演化

研究区中侏罗统布曲组岩性为一套碳酸盐岩,产丰富的腕足、双壳和有孔虫类化石。通过单剖面相分析、沉积相剖面对比及面上填图,基本查清了布曲组垂向上的沉积序列特征及横向上的沉积相带变化,重塑了布曲组的岩相古地理演化。     

鄂尔多斯盆地油页岩的主要地质特征及资源潜力

前人及笔者最近研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地除赋存有大量的石油、天然气、煤、煤层气、地下水及铀矿而外,还赋存着巨量的油页岩资源.油页岩分别赋存于早二叠世山西组、中-晚三叠世延长组、晚三叠世瓦窑堡组及中侏罗世早期延安组、中侏罗世晚期安定组地层中;在空间上,油页岩多呈层状展布于盆地内部而隐伏于地下.中、晚三叠世延长组和中侏罗世早期延安组是主要含油页岩层位.早二叠世油页岩形成于海陆交互的滨海环境,中-晚三叠世延长组中的油页岩形成于陆相深湖或半深湖环境,晚三叠世瓦窑堡组油页岩、中侏罗世早期延安组油页岩形成于陆相湖泊三角洲湖沼环境,与煤层共生,而中侏罗世晚期安定组油页岩仅局限于陆相半深湖环境.通过对陕西铜川北部和宁夏固原炭山典型油页岩矿的剖析,查明鄂尔多斯油页岩矿层厚度一般为4～36 m,含油率一般为1.5%～13.7%(下限略低于3.5%这一油页岩矿的最低工业品位,本次低于部分暂不参加资源量的计算);发热量一般为1.66～20.98 MJ/kg,视比重1.55～2.46.埋藏2000 m以上的页岩油资源量(334)达2000×108 t以上,其中探明储量(121)1×108t,显示了巨大的资源前景.盆地东南部及西部的油页岩埋藏浅,部分地段探明程度高,交通条件好,如果及时开发利用,不仅可以获得初步经济效益,同时也可为鄂尔多斯油页岩的开发利用获取开拓性的宝贵经验.     

KARSTIC: a sensitivity method for carbonate aquifers in karst terrain

. Groundwater in karstic aquifers can be dangerously sensitive to contamination. Many cities in the western USA rely on karstic carbonate aquifers for municipal water supplies. For example, Rapid City, South Dakota, pumps more than half of its drinking water from wells in the Madison Limestone. This work examined the sensitivity of karstic aquifers to surface contamination in mountainous terrain. Where karstic carbonate aquifers are exposed at their outcrop areas, they are particularly susceptible to the introduction of contamination through diffuse recharge or through point recharge at swallow holes along streams. Residential developments in mountainous regions of the western USA are encroaching on the recharge areas of karstic aquifers. Many of these residential developments are served by onsite wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and drain fields, with the attendant danger of introduction of pathogens from malfunctioning treatment systems above fractured limestone which offers little filtering. Where streams disappear into karstic aquifers at swallow holes, microbial contaminants such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium are a concern, as well as potential spills, leaks, or accidents along roads near these streams. The KARSTIC method developed and modified in this work puts greater emphasis on karst features than previous sensitivity procedures such as the US Environmental Protection Agency's DRASTIC method. The modified method gives increased attention to highly sensitive areas of karstic carbonate aquifers by weighting the synergistic effects of fracturing, karst development, and swallow holes of recharging streams. In a field application, hydrogeologic maps of a watershed in the Black Hills, USA, were digitized into a geographic information system. The resulting sensitivity map and report can be used by planners, managers, and the public as a screening tool for assessing groundwater sensitivity in regions which include karstic aquifers.     

南华北盆地青白口系—侏罗系层序界面时空分布特征研究

以位于秦岭—大别造山带之北、华北陆块南部、地跨华北陆块稳定块体、陆块南部边缘变形带的南华北盆地为研究对象,通过对研究区42条不同时代的野外剖面详细观测,运用层序地层学理论,把南华北盆地作为一个整体系统,对青白口系—侏罗系层序界面特征及时空分布规律进行了系统分析,共识别出了8种类型层序界面的物质表现形式,分别是不整合面、渣状层、古喀斯特作用面、冲刷侵蚀面、超覆面、岩性岩相转换面、最大海泛面、最大湖泛面。并重点讨论了各类型界面的时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间演化上,从早到晚由海相—海陆过渡相—陆相,层序界面经历了海相沉积不整合、古喀斯特作用面、渣状层到陆相不整合面、冲刷侵蚀面等;在空间上,同一层序界面在不同相带表现形式不同,同一种类型的界面可在不同相带出现,但不同相带表现特征有一定差异性。