乌兰布和沙漠东南缘湖泊群消涨与驱动因素

湖泊是对环境变化响应敏感的地理单元,湖泊消长与响应机制研究对维持区域生态系统稳定具有重要意义。基于1999—2018年Landsat、气象、水文和农业种植面积等多种数据,在ArcGIS平台中利用改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)及目视修正方法提取了乌兰布和沙漠东南缘湖泊群空间信息,运用统计学方法对主要驱动因子与湖泊消涨的关系进行了分析。结果表明:1999—2018年乌兰布和沙漠东南缘大湖泊(面积大于100 hm²)在面积上占优势,小湖泊(面积小于100 hm²)在数量占优势。趋势分析表明大湖泊面积和数量呈显著性减少趋势(相关系数分别为R=0.624 > R_18,0.01=0.561和R=0.648 > R_18,0.01=0.561);小湖泊减少趋势不显著。在空间分布格局上,研究区中部是大湖泊稳定分布区,大湖泊数量11~23个,面积2 208~4 581 hm²。研究区湖泊消长主要受到年实际引黄水量、农田面积和地下水埋深的影响。其中,实际引黄(河)水量影响所有湖泊(P≤0.01),而农田面积和地下水埋深分别对大湖泊(P≤0.01)和小湖泊(P≤0.05)影响显著。用这3个因子分别构建的多元回归模型显示,在大、小湖泊面积和数量预测方面,精度分别达到75.7%和60.5%以上。     

南缘霍玛吐构造带三维地质建模应用效果

霍玛吐构造带地表、地下地质结构复杂,受二维测网限制,合理地构造建模和准确的速度建场较难,是制约该区圈闭落实和油气发现的主要因素。采用深浅层分层控制法消除层面间的相互干扰、复杂断块分组控制法解决逆断裂上下盘层位关系搭建的难点、层位网格约束法快速准确修改模型局部异常,逐级分解建模,有效解决了复杂构造三维建模难点,最终建成符合实际的三维地质模型。应用井控模型约束三维转深技术实现了多信息约束下的层速度建模与转深。三维空间建模提高了构造解释三维空间合理性,同时为三维空间速度分析与建场提供基础,降低了构造成图误差,提高圈闭落实精度。     

Recent plumbing system of the Krakatau volcano revealed by teleseismic earthquake distribution

Spatial and temporal analysis of global seismological data 1964–2005 reveals a distinct teleseismic earthquake activity producing a columnar-like formation in the continental wedge between the Krakatau volcano at the surface and the subducting slab of the Indo-Australian plate. These earthquakes occur continuously in time, are in the body-wave (m _b) magnitude range 4.5–5.3 and in the depth range 1–100 km. The Krakatau earthquake cluster is vertical and elongated in the azimuth N30°E, suggesting existence of a deep-rooted fault zone cutting the Sunda Strait in the SSW-NNE direction. Possible continuation of the fault zone in the SW direction was activated by an intensive 2002/2003 aftershock sequence, elongated in the azimuth of N55°E. Beneath the Krakatau earthquake cluster, an aseismic gap exists in the Wadati-Benioff zone of the subducting plate at the depths 100–120 km. We interpret this aseismic gap as a consequence of partial melting inhibiting stress concentration necessary to generate stronger earthquakes, whereas the numerous earthquakes observed in the overlying lithospheric wedge beneath the volcano probably reflect magma ascent in the recent plumbing system of the Krakatau volcano. Focal depth of the deepest events (~100 km) of the Krakatau cluster constrains the location of the primary magma generation to greater depths. The ascending magmatic fluids stress fault segments within the Sunda Strait fault zone and change their friction parameters inducing the observed tectonic earthquakes beneath Krakatau.     

煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散性能

为验证土工合成黏土衬垫（Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL）作为煤矸石处置场衬垫层建设材料的可行性,采用垂直式双筒扩散装置进行室内扩散试验,研究了煤矸石淋滤液中典型污染物Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺和SO₄^2-在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散性能,使用有限层法模拟软件POLLUTE V7对污染物随时间变化的曲线进行拟合,确定3种污染物在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,污染物在GCL中的扩散系数低于它们在传统压实黏土衬垫层中的扩散系数,从而能更有效地控制煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散迁移行为。     

碳酸盐岩中"假纹层构造"的成因分析

常见于泥微晶碳酸盐岩中的毫米级水平纹层是低能沉积环境特有的相标志.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组碳酸盐岩地层无岩芯钻探的岩屑中,通过岩石薄片鉴定发现该层段岩屑样品中,大量岩屑出现纹层构造,甚至水动力条件下不可能形成水平纹层构造的颗粒碳酸盐岩、结晶碳酸盐岩中也有出现,通过对这些现象的薄片鉴定、电子探针及Kα元素面分布等分析手段证实其为非沉积成因、非构造成因的"假纹层构造",研究后将其归因为钻探工艺所使用的钻头(PDC型).为准确对岩石薄片进行鉴定并提升无岩芯钻井地质剖面的解释质量,针对沉积动力学、构造动力学和制片工艺学都无法解释的"假纹层构造"的成因分析具有十分重要的现实意义.     

Damage by Swelling Clay and Experimental Study of Cyclic Foam Stimulation

<正>The performances of the formation damage are permeability decreasing,skin factor increasing and productivity index decreasing.Generally,formation damage is not reversible.This phenomenon is known as reverse funnel effect(Porter 1989).People have been trying to find effective ways to remedy the reservoir damage.Stimulation and hydraulic fracture are traditional     

晚中新世-上新世黄土高原佳县红粘土剖面碳同位素记录与C4植被演化

新生代C4植被开始扩张的年代、过程和驱动机制是全球古气候变化研究的焦点问题。中国黄土高原的黄土-红粘土剖面保存了连续的古生态演化记录, 是研究这一关键科学问题的理想载体。本文选择黄土高原北部佳县厚达64m的红粘土剖面(8.2~2.7Ma), 对190个层位的次生方解石矿物进行了无机碳同位素测试, 由此分析了晚中新世-上新世末的C4植被扩张和演化过程。C4植被持续增长与全球冰盖的扩张基本一致, 表明气候变冷很可能导致了黄土高原区域气候的干旱化与降雨季节性的增强。C4植被的扩张存在明显的3个阶段, 分别以6.6Ma和3.6Ma为界限, 每一次扩张增加10 % 左右, 暗示了全球性的构造事件对黄土高原植被演化的控制。此外, 佳县红粘土剖面呈现10次持续时间为10~20万年的碳同位素正漂移事件, 平均每40万年发生一次, 说明40万年轨道周期也控制着C4植被的演化。     

山东省菏泽凸起地热田岩溶地热水水化学水平演化特征

在前人研究成果的基础上,选择A-A'和B-B'两条路径,采用Piper三线图解、Schoeller图解、Na-K-Mg平衡图解、饱和指数计算评价等方法,研究山东菏泽凸起地热田地热水沿路径上的循环演化特征.结果表明:沿A-A'、B-B'剖面岩溶冷水→岩溶热水,水化学类型由SO4?HCO3-Ca?Mg?Na或SO4?HCO...     

A new approach to modeling perpendicular fabrics in porphyritic plutonic rocks using the finite element method

A growing body of field evidence indicates that hypersolidus fabrics preserved in syntectonic plutons are likely to have formed in highly crystallized ‘rigid sponge’ magma. This paper demonstrates that such magma could be idealized as a rheological solid and that the development of non-coaxial fabrics in plutonic rocks can very conveniently be modeled in the framework of solid mechanics. Using the finite element method (FEM), we modeled two strain regimes of small magnitudes (plane-strain horizontal simple shear with the shear strain γ of up to 0.30 and plane-strain pure shear of up to 15% shortening) superposed onto vertically oriented and variously spaced elastic phenocrysts set in the viscoelastic matrix. In the simple shear regime, the phenocrysts slightly rotate toward the shear plane, while the principal strain directions in the matrix are instantaneously oriented at an angle of about 45° or less to the phenocryst fabric. Simple shear thus can only lead to the formation of oblique phenocryst and matrix fabrics. By contrast, the vertical phenocryst fabric is maintained in the pure shear regime, and a new horizontal fabric can develop almost instantaneously in the matrix even for small amounts of superposed shortening (5% shortening after 10 ky in our model). We conclude that such a mechanism can easily produce perpendicular hypersolidus fabrics in plutonic rocks and that only a very short time span (first thousands of years) is required to develop magmatic fabric in a pluton for ‘normal’ rates (10⁻¹⁵ to 10⁻¹³ s⁻¹) of tectonic deformation.