青海治多地区晚三叠世石英闪长岩地球化学特征及成岩动力学背景

对羌塘地块东北缘甘孜-理塘缝合带南侧日啊日曲石英闪长岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年龄、主量-微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素分析, 以探讨其岩石成因及地球动力学意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明, 石英闪长岩侵位年龄为218±1 Ma, 为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物.岩石SiO₂含量介于53.02%~62.06%之间, 富Al₂O₃(15.84%~17.00%)和CaO(6.71%~8.94%), 贫TiO₂(0.49%~1.01%)和P₂O₅(0.04%~0.12%), 具有较高的MgO(3.31%~5.66%)和Mg#(50~62), 属准铝质钙碱性系列; 岩体稀土元素总量较低(38.05×10-6~61.58×10-6), 轻重稀土分馏不明显, LILE富集, HFSE亏损, 具有含量较高的Cr(33.45×10-6~176.64×10-6)和Ni(13.34×10-6~43.62×10-6).全岩(87Sr/86Sr)_i比值较为一致(0.706 8~0.707 9), ε_Nd(t)变化于-5.5~-1.6.主微量元素及同位素结果表明日啊日曲石英闪长岩具有高镁闪长岩的特征, 与赞岐岩地球化学特征类似, 为俯冲沉积物来源的熔体交代岩石圈地幔形成的尖晶石相金云母二辉橄榄岩低度(10%~15%)部分熔融的产物, 岩浆演化过程中经历了辉石、角闪石等矿物的分离结晶.微量元素构造判别图解表明岩石为俯冲环境下的弧岩浆岩, 结合区内蛇绿岩、研究区南部陆缘弧火山岩和义敦岛弧埃达克岩的发现, 认为古特提斯洋在晚三叠世时期可能仍处于消减状态, 日啊日曲高镁石英闪长岩形成于甘孜-理塘洋南西向俯冲过程中.      

热带气旋海面最大风速半径的计算

利用含有摩擦的平面极坐标水平运动方程组, 引入藤田气压模式, 在热带气旋域内最大风速为已知的条件下, 经过合理的简化和推导, 得到了呈稳定状态的海面移动非对称热带气旋的最大风速半径的计算方案。分析结果表明, 当最大风速越小、中心气压越低、环境温度和气压越高、纬度越低或摩擦系数越小时, 热带气旋的最大风速半径就越大;反之, 最大风速半径就越小。最大风速和它半径上的最小风向内偏角出现在热带气旋移向的右后侧。对9109号和9115号热带气旋的计算表明, 最大风速半径在发展初期增加, 在发展后期减小, 而在衰减期迅速增加。     

Large-scale physical modeling study on the interaction between rockfall and flexible barrier

Flexible barriers have been widely applied in rockfall mitigation in recent years. However, the behavior of flexible barriers under the impact of boulders is still not fully understood. To investigate the interaction between a flexible barrier and a falling boulder, a large-scale physical modeling device has been constructed at a site in Hong Kong. Using this device, large-scale impact tests using boulders with different diameters were conducted. Test results are presented and analyzed in this paper. The motion of the boulder during impact is traced and analyzed. The impact forces on the flexible ring net and the supporting structures are measured and compared. From the comparison, the impact reduction rates (IRR) of boulders with different diameters are calculated. Moreover, a simple approach for estimating the impact loading of a boulder on a flexible barrier is proposed in this study. This approach is calibrated and verified using measured impact forces in the tests.     

我国大陆活动断层锁住、解锁指标与大震预报问题讨论

近几年来,随着对地震成因的深入研究,进一步提出了经过长期活动的活断层何以能锁住并孕育大震的问题。     

The refined physical properties of the transiting exoplanetary system WASP‐41

We present the first follow‐up study of the transiting system WASP‐41 after its discovery in 2011. The main goal of this paper is to refine the physical parameters of the system and search for possible signs of transit timing variations. The observations used for analysis were taken from the public archive of the Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD). Assuming three different limb darkening laws, we found the best‐fitting model and redetermined parameters of the system. Although system parameters obtained in this study were found to be in good agreement with the discovery study, the planetary radius determined here is notably smaller, namely 1.12^+0.06 _–0.07 R_Jup. The Safronov number Θ = 0.071 ± 0.002 and equilibrium temperature T_eq = 1271 ± 50 K were also determined. Both values indicate that the planet WASP‐41b belongs to Class I of transiting planets. No significant transit timing variations were detected. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Sulfur K- and L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of sphalerite,chalcopyrite and stannite

Sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption spectra (XANES and EXAFS) and L-edge XANES of sphalerite (ZnS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and stannite (Cu₂FeSnS₄) have been recorded using synchrotron radiation. The K- and L-edge XANES features are interpreted using a qualitative MO/energy band structure model. The densities of unoccupied states at the conduction bands of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and stannite are determined using S K- and L-edge XANES features (up to 15 eV above the edge), combined with published metal K-edge XANES. The SK- and L-edge XANES also indicate that, for sphalerite, the Fe²⁺ 3d band at the fundamental gap has little or no bonding hybridization with S 3p and S 3s orbitals; for chalcopyrite, the Cu⁺ 3d and Fe³⁺ 3d bands have strong mixing with S 3p and S 3s states, while for stannite the Cu⁺ 3d band strongly hybridizes with S 3p and S 3s orbitals, but the Fe²⁺ 3d band does not. The post-edge XANES features (15–50 eV above the edge) of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and stannite are similar. These features are related to the tetrahedral coordination of sulfur in all these structures, and interpreted by a multiple scattering model. The resonance energies from both the K-edge and L-edge XANES for these minerals are well correlated with reciprocal interatomic distances and lattice spaces. Sulfur K-edge EXAFS analyses using Fourier transform and curve fitting procedures are presented. Comparison of the structural parameters from EXAFS with x-ray structure data shows that the first shell bond distances (BD) from EXAFS are usually accurate to ±0.02 Å, and that coordination numbers (CN) are generally accurate to ±20 percent. For sphalerite, EXAFS analysis yields the structure parameters for the first three neighbour shells around a sulfur atom; the BD and CN even for the third shell are in close agreement with the x-ray structure, and the Debye-Waller term decreases from the first shell to the third shell. It is shown that sphalerite (ZnS) is a good model compound for EXAFS analysis of sulfur in chalcogenide glasses and metalloproteins.     

我国低硒带典型景观植物硒的研究

本研究在我国低硒带的东北端和西南端分别选取了针阔叶混交林景观和云南松林景观,并且在低硒带内的克山病和大骨节病非病区与东南非病带选取了落叶阔叶林景观和马尾松林景观为对照景观,系统地采集了上述各不同景观的主要植物和土壤,对硒进行了分析。结果发现,在我国低硒带的东北瑞和西南瑞景观的主要植物含硒量显著地低于对照景观,同时景观内土壤硒也明显地低于划分我国低硒生态景观的阈值,从天然植物的角度进一步对我国低硒带客观存在这一科学论断进行了补充。     

滇池北岸大清河湿地景观植物配置研究

通过对大清河湿地植物分层次的筛选,根据生态学、湿地学、植物学、美学相关理论,依据植物的生态习性及湿地的区域划分,将大清河湿地划分为深水区、浅水区、沼泽区、水边及岸带区和陆地区五大区域,并分层次进行相应的植物配置,提出挺水植物+浮水植物+沉水植物、挺水植物+浮水植物、挺水植物片植、单层乔木片植、草本+挺水植物、乔木+灌木+草本6种配置模式。     

大气圈碳循环的模拟研究进展

碳元素是地球生命的重要组成元素,而大气中的ＣＯ２是生命物质中碳元素的最主要来源,它也是引起气候长期变化的外强迫作用中最主要的温室气体,观测资料表明,在工业革命后,由于人类工农业活动的影响,大气圈中ＣＯ２含量增加很快。了解碳的源汇分布,大气圈碳循环动力机制以及碳循环与气候系统的相互作用,并进一步了解碳循环在整个地球系统内的作用过程十分重要。本文综合了近年来一关于碳循环在整个地球系统内的作用过程十分重     

汶川地震地表破裂带北端部抛射型滑坡特征及其机制

5.12汶川8级地震在直接带来巨大灾害的同时,还激发了大量的次生地质灾害,比如滑坡、泥石流和滚石等,这更加剧了地震灾害的程度。东河口滑坡便是这些次生地质灾害中比较独特的一例,该滑坡发生在四川省青川东河口地区,这里也正好是汶川地震地表破裂带的北部端点。作为一例发生在特殊部位的由地震引发的抛射型滑坡,它具有和由纯重力或者暴雨引起的滑坡明显不同的特点:其一,没有统一连续的滑动面,而是由上部比较深的和下部比较浅的明显分开的两段滑动面组成;其二,由于巨大的地震水平和垂直加速度,滑坡起始于上部滑坡体的抛射,因此称为抛射型滑坡。野外调查及分析结果表明:以地表破裂带为界,滑坡区和羽状裂缝分布区非常规则地分布其两侧,这种分布为地表破裂的形成过程所控制,也即是受到断层错动的控制,因此,在特定的地貌及地质条件的控制下,滑坡的发生为走滑断层构造地貌形成过程以及局部构造应力变化过程的必然结果。本文在综合分析了滑坡发生的地质地貌条件的同时,利用简单的走滑断层构造地貌产生模型解释了东河口大型抛射型滑坡的发生机制及其运动过程。研究结果表明:在评估地震激发的大型滑坡灾害的过程中,除了需要考虑地震动、水平加速度以及地质地貌条件之外,考虑垂直加速度以及滑坡所发生的特殊的地貌部位也显得十分必要。