中尺度涡冷暖特征的推导

为了从理论上解释中尺度涡旋冷暖性质与涡旋旋转方向的关系,本文基于中尺度涡的几何特征,做出如下假设：中尺度涡具有对称的几何形态,涡旋中海洋要素沿径向具有线性化变化的特征。从原始方程组出发,利用柱坐标系和上述假设条件,略去耗散力,推导出了中尺度涡的一些冷暖特征,论证气旋式中尺度涡对应冷涡和反气旋式中尺度涡对应暖涡的涡旋冷暖特征与部分涡旋的观测不符的现象。结果表明,中心对称的形式可以作为对中尺度涡的几何特征的一个理想的形态近似,在考虑上述假设条件的理想环境下,柱坐标系在研究中尺度涡的几何性质上具有一定的优势。     

珠江口盆地L凹陷裂陷期始新统文昌组沉积充填模式*

珠江口盆地L凹陷始新统文昌组处于勘探初期,钻井资料较少且分布不均,基于多井多资料的常规沉积相研究方法受到限制,对于层序地层和沉积体系没有系统研究,本次研究充分利用地震、测井以及岩心资料,在全区开展地震相研究工作,井震结合对沉积相展布进行研究,建立裂陷期文昌组沉积演化模式。结果表明: L凹陷裂陷期文昌组划分为3个三级层序,8个体系域;根据三级层序体系域内部地震反射外部形态和内部反射特征差异,识别出充填、席状、楔形、块状、丘形5种地震相类型;通过分析岩心相、测井相以及各种地震相特征,井震结合将地震相转为沉积相,识别出辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲、湖相等沉积相;初始裂陷期为小盆小湖模式,凹陷分割性较强,主要为近源扇三角洲粗碎屑沉积,强烈裂陷早期为大盆浅湖模式,洼陷连通,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积,强烈裂陷中晚期为大盆深湖模式,主要对应半深湖泥岩沉积,弱裂陷期主要为大盆浅湖模式,主要对应大规模长轴辫状河三角洲充填沉积体系。     

南祁连盆地木里冻土区天然气水合物烃源岩特征及评价

中国地质调查局2008年在南祁连盆地木里冻土区采集到了中国陆域第一例天然气水合物实物样品,对于天然气水合物的气体来源存在不同的认识。利用新完钻3口井样品的化验分析结果,分析了中侏罗统和上三叠统烃源岩有机地球化学特征。结果表明,中侏罗统江仓组、木里组煤系地层烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC(总有机碳含量)大于1%的样品占78.9%;氯仿沥青"A"含量大于0.1%的占总数的72.2%;有机质类型以Ⅱ_2、Ⅱ_1型为主;镜质体反射率R_o多介于0.7%~1.2%之间;71个样品生烃潜量平均值为8.8mg/g,总体处于生烃高峰期的生油阶段或凝析油阶段,属于好、很好烃源岩,为天然气水合物主力生烃层系。上三叠统尕勒得寺组亦为煤系地层烃源岩,TOC含量大于1%的样品占76.9%;氯仿沥青"A"含量小于0.05%;有机质类型以Ⅲ、Ⅱ_1型为主;镜质体反射率Ro介于1.1%~1.77%之间;总体处于生湿气或干气阶段,但由于构造抬升影响其生烃潜量,平均值仅为0.35mg/g,当前整体生烃能力较差,为非烃源岩或较差烃源岩,对天然气水合物成藏贡献不大。     

Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

石膏矿区采空地面塌陷易发性分区与监测预警研究

邳州市邳北石膏矿区采空地面塌陷日益严重,为防治地质灾害,市政府于2016年进行了石膏矿区采空地面塌陷专项地质灾害防治规划。通过分析矿区已有资料、分析已发塌陷点和现场调查,阐述了采空区地面塌陷的特点与危害,并采用模糊综合评判方法对地面塌陷的易发性进行了分区。根据分区结果,结合人员密集程度,提出了区域采空区综合治理和地面塌陷地质灾害防治监测预警的措施和方法,为地质灾害防治工作提供依据。     

The potential hydrothermal systems unexplored in the Southwest Indian Ocean

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents possess complex ecosystems and abundant metallic mineral deposits valuable to human being. On-axial vents along tectonic plate boundaries have achieved prominent results and obtained huge resources, while nearly 90% of the global mid-ocean ridge and the majority of the off-axial vents buried by thick oceanic sediments within plates remain as relatively undiscovered domains. Based on previous detailed investigations, hydrothermal vents have been mapped along five sections along the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) with different bathymetry, spreading rates, and gravity features, two at the western end (10°–16°E Section B and 16°–25°E Section C) and three at the eastern end (49°–52°E Section D, 52°–61°E Section E and 61°–70°E Section F). Hydrothermal vents along the Sections B, C, E and F with thin oceanic crust are hosted by ultramafic rocks under tectonic-controlled magmatic-starved settings, and hydrothermal vents along the Section D are associated with exceed magmatism. Limited coverage of investigations is provided along the 35°–47°E SWIR (between Marion and Indomed fracture zones) and a lot of research has been done around the Bouvet Island, while no hydrothermal vents has been reported. Analyzing bathymetry, gravity and geochemical data, magmatism settings are favourable for the occurrence of hydrothermal systems along these two sections. An off-axial hydrothermal system in the southern flank of the SWIR that exhibits ultra-thin oceanic crust associated with an oceanic continental transition is postulated to exist along the 100-Ma slow-spreading isochron in the Enderby Basin. A discrete, denser enriched or less depleted mantle beneath the Antarctic Plate is an alternative explanation for the large scale thin oceanic crust concentrated on the southern flank of the SWIR.     

机器学习辅助下的概率积分法参数预计模型寻优

收集整理了多组地表移动观测站资料作为训练样本和检验样本,以工作面地质采矿条件为输入集,概率积分法预计参数为输出集,利用机器学习方法对概率积分法预测参数进行了预测。选取支持向量机、BP神经网络和偏最小二乘法3种机器学习方法对训练样本进行训练,利用训练所得模型预测检验样本中的概率积分法预测参数,并将预测结果与观测站实测值进行对比。结果表明,利用支持向量机预测下沉系数、主要影响角正切值及水平移动系数的精度最高,其平均相对误差分别达到7.46%、4.00%、13.17%;拐点偏距及开采影响传播角利用偏最小二乘法预计精度最高,平均相对误差分别为10.83%、0.88%;总体而言支持向量机的预测精度最为稳定。     

巴黎气候会议对全球长期目标的新发展

巴黎气候会议（COP21）达成了包括《巴黎协定》在内的重要成果,丰富和深化了应对气候变化的一揽子长期目标。1.5℃温升控制目标意味着全球管控气候风险的政治意愿得到强化,减缓温室气体排放的路径得到初步勾勒。在未来的科学评估和政治谈判中,全球各区域甚至是各个排放大国的排放空间、排放路径和减缓需求将会进一步清晰化和定量化,还会丰富和深化自上而下的国际气候合作规则,结合当前以国家自主决定贡献（INDC）为特征的、主要以自下而上方式推进全球气候治理的新模式,将对发展中国家、尤其是发展中排放大国的排放配额与发展空间产生重要影响,并进一步影响各国制定其国家贡献目标与行动的自主性。