Lumped surface and sub‐surface runoff for erosion modeling within a small hilly watershed in northern Vietnam

Developing models to predict on‐site soil erosion and off‐site sediment transport at the agricultural watershed scale represent an on‐going challenge in research today. This study attempts to simulate the daily discharge and sediment loss using a distributed model that combines surface and sub‐surface runoffs in a small hilly watershed (< 1 km²). The semi‐quantitative model, Predict and Localize Erosion and Runoff (PLER), integrates the Manning–Strickler equation to simulate runoff and the Griffith University Erosion System Template equation to simulate soil detachment, sediment storage and soil loss based on a map resolution of 30 m × 30 m and over a daily time interval. By using a basic input data set and only two calibration coefficients based, respectively, on water velocity and soil detachment, the PLER model is easily applicable to different agricultural scenarios. The results indicate appropriate model performance and a high correlation between measured and predicted data with both Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) and correlation coefficient (r²) having values > 0.9. With the simple input data needs, PLER model is a useful tool for daily runoff and soil erosion modeling in small hilly watersheds in humid tropical areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device

Abstract

Ultrasonic spectroscopy is highly suitable for real-time measurement, in particular for dense particle systems. In the present study, a novel measurement device, namely a portable ultrasonic device (PUD), is designed and manufactured for measuring solid suspension concentration and flow velocity simultaneously with respect to the propagation of ultrasound waves in a solid–liquid mixture at different temperatures. A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory to obtain the ultrasonic attenuation of kaolin and reservoir sediment solutions within a wide range of concentrations (1000–300 000 mg/L) at various temperatures (15–27°C). The resulting data were regressed to establish linear functions of attenuation and temperature for concentration. The experimental data were compared with theoretical simulated results to show the effect of particle size distribution on concentration measurement. The flow meter part of the PUD was verified by a standard-speed carriage in the towing tank. According to experimental tests by PUD, it was demonstrated that the accuracy for concentration in full scale is ±5%, and the accuracy for flow velocity is ±2%. Compared with sampled data, good agreements were also found by employing the PUD for sediment concentration and flow velocity measurements in turbidity currents during typhoon floods in a reservoir, which demonstrates that the PUD is operable and reliable on site.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor K. Heal

Citation Huang, Y.J., Sung, C.C., Lai, J.S., Lee, F.Z., Hwang, G.W., and Tan, Y.C., 2013. Measurement of solid suspension concentration and flow velocity with temperature compensation using a portable ultrasonic device. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 615–626.     

A two‐dimensional inverse model to identify transmissivity in an anisotropic aquifer

This study suggested a numerical model using the Tabu search algorithm along with the Adjoint State method to identify the hydrogeological characteristics of an anisotropic groundwater aquifer. The Tabu search algorithm was applied to identify the anisotropic transmissivity components to avoid a local optimum. Then, the Adjoint State method was used to calculate the sensitivity of the parameters in order to increase the efficiency of the optimization. For an anisotropic and homogeneous aquifer, results showed that the optimal procedure presented combining the Tabu search algorithm and the Adjoint State method might successfully identify the values of the transmissivity components. If the duration of the pumping test was long enough (12‐h pumping test), the value of the transmissivity components could be optimized with type‐curve, straight‐line, and Tabu search methods, along with the Adjoint State methods. If the duration of the pumping test was short (0·5‐h pumping test), the Tabu search method, along with the Adjoint State method proposed herein, might successfully optimize the transmissivity components. For an anisotropic but heterogeneous aquifer, results showed that the suggested optimal procedure still successfully identified the values of the transmissivity components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自适应重磁对应分析

采用传统重磁对应分析数据处理方法,计算了单体模型和三体模型条件下重磁异常的相关系数。结果显示:重磁异常中心区域的相关系数绝对值在重磁异常重合时为1,否则小于1(能指示重磁异常是否相关);在远离异常源或无重磁异常地区的相关系数绝对值不论重磁异常是否重合都趋于1(没有实际意义)。鉴于此,笔者提出了自适应重磁对应分析方法,并在晋冀北缘-辽西铁矿成矿带进行了2种方法的对比应用试验。结果表明:在滦南、司家营南部、马城等重磁异常完全重合的地区,2种数据处理方法的处理结果都表明为重磁正相关地区;在新集以东、小马庄西南部、石门东北部等重磁异常不完全重合或根本没有重磁局部异常的地区,传统重磁对应分析数据处理方法的处理结果也显示为正相关地区,自适应重磁对应分析数据处理方法的处理结果没有相关数据点或异常。     

Geochemical characteristics and metallogenesis of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Sandu-Danzhai metallogenic zone, Guizhou Province, China

Geochemical studies of the Paiting and Miaolong Carlin-type gold deposits in the Sandu-Danzhai metal-logenic zone,Guizhou Province,have shown that the mineralized-altered rocks show LREE-enrichment patterns,generally displaying negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.51?0.97) and unobvious negative Ce anomalies(δCe=0.86?0.99).Calcite and fluorite in relation with metallogenesis show MREE-enrichment patterns,generally displaying rather weak negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.74?0.93) and weak negative Ce(δCe=0.70?0.98) anomalies.The δ13CPDB values of carbon in calcite are-1.61‰?-5.82‰,the δ18OSMOW values of oxygen are 13.97‰?19.24‰,and the δ34SCDT values of sulfur in stibnite are 17.72‰?21.68‰.In regard to δD and δ18O,ore-forming fluids pos-sess the characteristics of metamorphic water.The process of metallogenesis of the Carlin-type gold deposits is con-trolled by the Yanshanian tectonic activities.The Yanshanian movement promoted the migration and mobilization of metamorphic fluids in the extensively developed medium-to high-grade metamorphic rocks in this region,carrying primarily enriched gold and associated elements such as Hg,As,and Sb in the Sinian metamorphosed black shales and Lower Cambrian black shales.The ore-forming fluids found their way into a suitable metallogenic environment along the fault zone,followed by gold precipitation to form gold deposits.     

氯化物解聚快速测定铁矿石中二氧化硅

采用NaOH熔融、蒸馏水浸取、盐酸中和并酸化、氟化物解聚和钼酸铵显色测定铁矿石中的二氧化硅。本方法的检出限为0．10％。本实验以测定了国家一级铁矿标样来验证方法的准确度和精密度,测定结果与标准值相符,且测定12次的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于10％。     

Estimation of ecological flow requirement in Zoige Alpine Wetland of southwest China

In many vulnerable wetlands, water is the most crucial factor for sustaining human development, economic growth, as well as existence and evolution of various indigenous ecosystems. This has led to intensive competitions against limited water resources and caused a number of potentially adverse effects on local ecosystems and human society. As water demand by human activities is increasing, balancing water demands between human society and ecosystems is desired to improve economic development without causing too much disturbance on the environment and ecosystems within a wetland. In this study, a computationally efficient quantitative method was developed to calculate the ecological flow requirement (i.e., water demand by ecosystems) in an alpine wetland of western China. The proposed method was also carried out by means of remote sensing images interpretation. Through this method, variations in water demands by human beings and ecosystems could be reflected and analyzed, which would be useful in helping formulate water allocation strategies under multiple objectives such as environmental protection, economic development, and ecological conservation. The method was then applied to assess ecological flow requirements in Zoige Wetland of western China. The results indicated that to maintain the basic ecological structure and integrity of the wetlands, the minimum reserve of 6.218 billion m³/a and a suitable reserve of 6.639 billion m³/a of water would be required. Also, the application results indicated that the method is applicable and can be expanded to other similar wetlands for balancing water demands between ecosystems and human beings.     

世界各国太阳射电望远镜概况

详细汇总了国内太阳射电望远镜的技术性能及原理框图。收集了部分国外太阳射电望远镜技术指标。对射电望远镜系统参数灵敏度、信噪比、交叉计划隔离度的计算方法作了介绍。     

Evaluations on the relation of RC building damages with structural parameters after May 19, 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake

An earthquake has struck Simav, Kutahya, located in the western part of Turkey on May 19, 2011. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the regional damage data and detailed investigation on a set of selected reinforced concrete buildings in Simav county center. The soil properties in Simav are examined in detail using multi-channel analysis of surface wave measurements, boreholes and laboratory test data. The damages are observed to be independent of soil conditions being hilly or plain, both in regional and Simav county center level. However, a slight relation is observed: as the soil period increases, so does the damage. The most damaged buildings are the four story buildings, resembling the case after some other earthquakes in Turkey. Regarding the detailed numerical evaluations on the building set, the properties highly correlated with seismic damage are investigated. Based on the obtained findings, it is concluded that the global building properties may not be enough to establish a strong relation with damage due to the local damages at the structural member level, especially for smaller seismic events.