径流对区域气候变化的响应研究

利用汾河流域静乐站1970-2004年的气温、降水及径流资料,建立多元非线性回归模型,分析径流变化对区域气候变化的响应,结果表明,径流对降水的响应比气温敏感,且径流变化是气候因子和流域下垫面条件共同作用的结果.     

Speciation and Mobility of Selected Trace Metals (As, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in Sediment with Depth in Cam River-Mouth, Haiphong, Vietnam

The speciation and mobility of some selected trace metals (As, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in sediments with depth was investigated in the Cam River-mouth (Vietnam) by collecting sediment cores and analysing porewater and sediment composition, complemented with single (ammonium-EDTA) and sequential (BCR 3-step) extractions and mineralogical analysis (XRD). All trace metals show overall decreasing trends with depth in porewater as a result of anthropogenic input in upper sediment layers. High porewater concentrations of As, Mn and Pb in oxic and suboxic sediment layers may result in groundwater pollution. Sediment-bound Pb and Mn dominate in the reducible and the acid-soluble fraction, respectively, while Cu and Zn distribute rather evenly between four extracted fractions. The porewater metal speciation, as predicted by a geochemical model Visual MINTEQ version 3.0, indicates that the toxicity of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn (presented by the proportions of free metal ions) decreases with depth, while the toxicity of As increases when As(III) becomes more abundant. The dissolved concentrations of trace metals are not only controlled by the precipitation/dissolution of discrete hydroxide/oxide, carbonate and phosphate minerals, but also by sorption processes on major sorbents (i.e. As on goethite, and Mn and Zn on calcite and dolomite). Sulphide minerals do not show any control even in the anoxic zone most likely because of the low concentration of sulphur.     

Preface to the Special Issue: Climate Change and Variability of Tropical Cyclone Activity

Tropical cyclones(TCs) are one of the most destructive natural phenomena on Earth in terms of human-life and economic losses. It is currently a matter of prodigious public and scientific interest how TC activity has changed and will change in a warming climate. This special issue focuses on a challenging subject raised in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) report and numerous research papers.     

Maohokite,a post‐spinel polymorph of MgFe2O4 in shocked gneiss from the Xiuyan crater in China

Maohokite, a post‐spinel polymorph of MgFe₂O₄, was found in shocked gneiss from the Xiuyan crater in China. Maohokite in shocked gneiss coexists with diamond, reidite, TiO₂‐II, as well as diaplectic glasses of quartz and feldspar. Maohokite occurs as nano‐sized crystallites. The empirical formula is (Mg_0.62Fe_0.35Mn_0.03)²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄. In situ synchrotron X‐ray microdiffraction established maohokite to be orthorhombic with the CaFe₂O₄‐type structure. The cell parameters are a = 8.907 (1) Å, b = 9.937(8) Å, c = 2.981(1) Å; V = 263.8 (3) ų; space group Pnma. The calculated density of maohokite is 5.33 g cm^?3. Maohokite was formed from subsolidus decomposition of ankerite Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂ via a self‐oxidation‐reduction reaction at impact pressure and temperature of 25–45 GPa and 800–900 °C. The formation of maohokite provides a unique example for decomposition of Fe‐Mg carbonate under shock‐induced high pressure and high temperature. The mineral and its name have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA 2017‐047). The mineral was named maohokite after Hokwang Mao, a staff scientist at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, for his great contribution to high pressure research.     

Water quality assessment of the Jinshui River (China) using multivariate statistical techniques

Multivariate statistical techniques have been widely utilized to assess water quality and evaluate aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and factor analysis techniques are applied to analyze the physical and chemical variables in order to evaluate water quality of the Jinshui River, a water source area for an interbasin water transfer project of China. Cluster analysis classifies 12 sampling sites with 22 variables into three clusters reflecting the geo-setting and different pollution levels. Discriminant analysis confirms the three clusters with nine discriminant variables including water temperature, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, turbidity, bicarbonate, and potassium. Factor analysis extracts five varifactors explaining 90.01% of the total variance and representing chemical component, oxide-related process, natural weathering and decomposition processes, nutrient process, and physical processes, respectively. The study demonstrates the capacity of multivariate statistical techniques for water quality assessment and pollution factors/sources identification for sustainable watershed management.     

晚白垩世后青藏高原和塔里木地块的整体北移

本文根据塔里木地块及其以南的昆仑、羌塘和拉萨地块晚中生代特别是晚白垩世古地磁数据,提出青藏高原自晚白垩世后北向移动两千余公里,主要并不是通过它本身的大规模地壳缩短来完成,而是与塔里木地块一起作大规模整体北移的结果。一种可能的解释是,在欧亚大陆北部稳定区和塔里木地块之间广大的中亚构造带,自晚白垩世后发生了大规模的地壳缩短。     

珠江三角洲大气灰霾导致能见度下降问题研究

大气气溶胶的气候效应和环境效应研究是当今国际科技界的热门话题.近年来珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,一年四季长期稳定存在气溶胶云,重污染区偏于珠江口以西的珠江三角洲西侧.灰霾天气主要出现在10月至次年4月.大气灰霾导致能见度恶化.自20世纪80年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表与珠江三角洲经济发展相伴随的气溶胶污染、硫酸盐加气溶胶污染、光化学过程的细粒子加硫酸盐加气溶胶的复合污染时期.雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来的趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化.珠江三角洲能见度的恶化主要与细粒子关系比较大,PM10有一半月均值超过国家二级标准的日均值浓度限值(150 μg/m3),而PM2.5月均值全部超过美国国家标准的日均值浓度限值(65 μg/m3),尤其是10月至次年1月的月均值浓度几乎超过标准限值的1倍,细粒子浓度甚高.另外PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高(58%-77%),尤其是旱季比雨季更高.与15 a前的资料相比较,细粒子在气溶胶中的比重有明显增加,因而在目前珠江三角洲的气溶胶污染中,主要是细粒子的污染.     

珠江三角洲霾天气的近地层输送条件研究

近年来, 珠江三角洲地区气溶胶污染日趋严重, 霾天气造成能见度恶化和空气质量下降。近地层输送条件即地面流场与大气污染物稀释扩散密切相关。利用2004—2005年广东省466个地面自动气象站资料、广州观象台常规气象资料、珠江三角洲大气成分站网器测能见度资料、珠江三角洲城市环境监测站网的PM10浓度资料等, 使用矢量和分析方法, 分析珠江三角洲近地层风及其对严重霾天气过程和清洁对照过程的影响。结果表明: 2004年霾天气高发季节, 东亚纬向环流比2005年同期显著, 纬向环流不显著的年份, 气流南北交换显著, 冷空气跨越南岭、到达珠江三角洲的机会比较大, 伴随冷空气的大风等天气有利于污染物扩散; 纬向环流显著的年份, 冷空气跨越南岭、到达珠江三角洲的机会比较小, 污染物易于堆积。珠江三角洲霾天气具有区域性特征, 旱季出现最多, 雨季出现最少。严重霾天气过程出现在每年12月至次年4月, 清洁对照过程出现在台风直接影响或冷空气活动频繁的季节。与2004年相比, 2005年的静风频率较低, 且旱季风速较大, 不利于霾天气的形成。矢量和分析表明:区域霾天气过程与区域内静小风过程, 即出现气流停滞区有密切联系, 清洁对照过程与强平流输送有关。     

Sequence stratigraphic characteristics and geological significance of the Permian Qixia Stage in northwestern Sichuan Basin

Based on outcrops, drilling, cores, and logging data, the Liangshan Formation and Qixia Formation in the northwestern Sichuan region are analyzed using the theory and method of sequence stratigraphy. Three third-order sequence boundaries are identified, including the basal boundary of Liangshan Formation (type Ⅰ), the boundary between Qi 1 Member and Qi 2 Member (type Ⅱ), and the boundary between the Qixia Formation and the Maokou Formation (type Ⅰ). The Middle Permian Qixia Stage can be subdivided into two third-order sequences (from base to top: SQ1 and SQ2). The SQ1 sequence corresponds to the Liangshan Formation and the Qi 1 Member, and the SQ2 sequence corresponds to the Qi 2 Member. Based on the sequence stratigraphic framework reconstruction of the Qixia Stage, the sedimentary filling pattern of the “onlapping at the base and truncation at the top” is discovered. The contour maps of SQ1 and SQ2 sequence stratigraphic thickness are calculated and plotted. Combined with the stratigraphic filling pattern, the tectonic-palaeogeographical framework of the early SQ1 and SQ2 phases of the Qixia Stage, their geological significance is discussed. At the Qixia Stage, the differentiation between uplift and depression occurs in the northwest and northeast trends. The Hannan uplift, the northern Sichuan uplift, the northern margin uplift and the Guangyuan-Wangcang sag have controlled the sedimentary pattern in the study area. It is indicated that prototype of the Guangyuan-Wangcang Trough began in the Middle Permian Qixia Stage. In the study area, the karst cave-type dolostone reservoir and the karst-type limestone reservoir around the Guangyuan-Wangcang sag rim are favorable exploration areas.     

Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago

~~Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago~~