煤古植物学:历史、现状与展望

据对５０年来的文献分析，简要评述了煤古植物学这一分支学科的产生背景，研究现状和未来发展趋势；并指出，煤古植物学尽管有广泛的应用前景，但由于受研究方法和研究手段的限制，它仍处于发展的初级阶段。     

粉质土海底边界层动态演化过程波浪水槽实验

The objectives of this study are carried out a series of controlled large wave flume experiments using fine-grained sediment from the Huanghe River Delta, exploring the complete sequence of sediment behavior in the bottom boundary layer(BBL) during wave-induced liquefaction. The results show that:(1) The BBL in silty seabed is exposed to a progressive wave, goes through a number of different stages including compaction before liquefaction, sediment liquefaction, and compaction after liquefaction, which determines the range and thickness of BBL.(2) With the introduction of waves, first, the sediment surface has settled by an amount S(S=1–2 cm) in the course of wave loadings with an insufficient accumulation of pore water pressure. And a thin high concentration layer formed the near-bed bottom.(3) Once the liquefaction sets in, the liquefied sediment with an ‘orbital motion' and the sub-liquefied sediment form a two-layer-sediment region. The range of BBL extends downwards and stopped at a certain depth, subsequently, develops upwards with the compaction process. Meanwhile, resuspended sediments diffuse to the upper water column.(4) During the dynamics process of the BBL beneath progressive waves, the re-suspended sediment increment ranked as sediment liquefaction erosion before liquefaction compaction after liquefaction.     

海底光缆检测技术综述

据统计,我国近岸70%以上海底光缆失效是遭受了渔船拖网作业或抛锚等活动的破坏。维护损坏的海底光缆,首先需要快速准确地定位光缆损坏段,同时获取光缆在海床上的布设状态以及布设区域的海床地形特征、地貌与底质特征等信息。在实际工作中,复杂的海床环境为海底光缆的检修及维护带来巨大的技术困难。围绕海底光缆巡检的技术需求,系统分析了常规海底光缆检测技术的特点,基于国内外水下无人机器人的发展现状,为提高海底光缆的检测效率、识别准确率和智能化水平提供了技术支撑。     

基于高分辨率影像城市建筑物研究

建筑物是城市的重要组成部分,近年来城市化进程不断加快,城市人口与城市建筑物日益增多,及时获取建筑物的空间分布以及建筑覆盖率、建筑容积率等相关指标,有利于城市居住环境状况进行科学评价,促进土地利用优化配置,还可为交通与通讯等科学规划提供参考.随着高分辨率影像应用的日益推广以及信息提取技术的不断提高,利用高分辨率卫星影像提取城市建筑物及建筑覆盖率、建筑容积率等指标与传统手段相比具有快速、高效等特点,得到广泛应用并取得丰硕成果.本文在前人研究的基础上,对基于高分辨率城市建筑物提取及相关研究的理论基础、存在问题、发展趋势进行了深入分析,对于高分辨率影像城市建筑物研究系统化、促进城市遥感的深化具有重要意义.     

Finite amplitude convection and magnetic field generation in a rotating spherical shell

Abstract

Finite amplitude solutions for convection in a rotating spherical fluid shell with a radius ratio of η=0.4 are obtained numerically by the Galerkin method. The case of the azimuthal wavenumber m=2 is emphasized, but solutions with m=4 are also considered. The pronounced distinction between different modes at low Prandtl numbers found in a preceding linear analysis (Zhang and Busse, 1987) is also found with respect to nonlinear properties. Only the positive-ω-mode exhibits subcritical finite amplitude convection. The stability of the stationary drifting solutions with respect to hydrodynamic disturbances is analyzed and regions of stability are presented. A major part of the paper is concerned with the growth of magnetic disturbances. The critical magnetic Prandtl number for the onset of dynamo action has been determined as function of the Rayleigh and Taylor numbers for the Prandtl numbers P=0.1 and P=1.0. Stationary and oscillatory dynamos with both, dipolar and quadrupolar, symmetries are close competitors in the parameter space of the problem.     

GIS软件坐标系统剖析

在GIS中空间要素一起工作的前提是基于相同的坐标系,但现实中不同地图制图者和不同的GIS数据生产者使用数百种不同的坐标系统,本文以常用GIS软件ArcGIS、MapInfo为例,对GIS软件的坐标系统进行研究与实现,为GIS用户进行坐标系设置与转换提供借鉴意义.     

海上不同高度风速换算关系的研究

本文用海上石油平台上观测的风梯度资料,计算了在不同风况下海面摩擦速度和粗糙高度。结果表明,海面摩擦速度u_*与海上10m高度处风速u_(10)的关系为u_*=0.055u_(10)-0.058。在4—5级风时,海面平均摩擦速度为50cm/s,粗糙度为0.022m,它相当于陆上的平均粗糙高度。在风速为2—3级时,二者与海上通常采用的数据接近。文中最后给出了上述两种风况下海上不同高度的换算系数。     

太平洋中部微生物与多金属结核的生成关系

作者采用洋底水-岩-微生物相互作用系统的观点首次对太平洋中部洋底多金属结核开展了微生物成矿作用的研究。通过洋底各介质中微生物活动与多金属结核生成机制、成矿物质转化的微生物作用及化学作用对比模拟实验研究、观察和测定系统中成矿物质浓度及环境参数的变化,揭示了成矿组分由微生物活动引起的反应速度和演变方向;从微生物地球化学作用的观点,论证了多金属结核微生物成矿机制和成矿模式;提出了多金属结核微生物成矿阶段和成矿理论。     

库车坳陷克拉2气田异常流体压力演化史

根据克拉2气田现今实测地层压力分析了异常高压发育的特征,并通过流体包裹体测试求取包裹体形成时期的古压力。计算结果表明:下白垩统和古近系库姆格列木群砂岩储层在距今8～6Ma(康村组沉积期末)时,古压力系数大致为1.09～1.18,发育过剩压力为4.6～9.6MPa的异常高压。在此基础上,以古、今压力数据为约束条件,利用数值模拟技术定量恢复出下白垩统与侏罗系异常流体压力的演化历史。研究发现:下白垩统储层流体压力经历了沉积型异常流体压力形成发展(白垩纪-库车组沉积期末)和沉积型异常流体压力萎缩—构造挤压型异常流体压力孕育(库车组沉积期末至今)两个阶段。康村组沉积早期沉积型超压开始出现,库车组沉积期末达到顶峰,过剩压力达40～50MPa;此后,在沉积型超压萎缩—构造挤压型超压孕育过程的耦合下,过剩压力曾降至25～30MPa,更新世起超压略有升高。侏罗系流体压力演化较为简单,吉迪克组沉积期开始出现超压,至库车组沉积期末达到高峰,此后异常高压逐渐萎缩。在克拉2气田的主要成藏时期(距今3～1Ma),烃源岩较储层具有更高的异常压力,源—储压力差为10～30MPa。     

Spatially explicit modelling of the impact of climate changes on pasture production in the North Island,New Zealand

To assess the potential impact of climate changes on pasture production in the North Island, New Zealand, eight climate scenarios of increased temperature and increased (or decreased) rainfall were investigated by integrating a polynomial regression model for pasture production with a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results indicated that the climate change scenarios assuming an increase in temperature by 1–2°C and a rainfall change by −20 to +20% would have a very significant impact on pasture production with a predicted pasture production variation from −46.2 to +51.9% compared with the normal climate from 1961–1990. Increased temperature would generally have a positive effect on pasture production in the south and southeast of the North Island, and increased rainfall would have a positive effect in the central, south and southeast of the North Island and a negative effect in the north of the North Island. The interaction of decreased rainfall and increased temperature would have a negative impact for the whole North Island except some central areas with high rainfall. Relevant management practices for coping with potential climate change are discussed.