南大洋海冰影像地图投影变换与瓦片切割应用研究

南大洋海冰分布是南极考察过程中影响破冰船航行的重要因素,也是南极研究的重要内容之一。目前国际上不同机构发布的南大洋海冰分布图,大多是球面投影,不能直接用于主流的瓦片地图发布。将极方位立体投影海冰图转换为目前主流的网络墨卡托投影地图,并利用合适的图像重采样方法,按照不同级别比例尺进行瓦片切割和编号存储,最终实现海冰影像地图的发布共享是本文的主要研究内容。笔者对不同的图像重采样方法进行了比较,分析了最邻近点采样方法、双线性内插和双三次卷积重采样方法的优劣,针对本文的研究优选双线性内插方法进行影像地图瓦片的切割,并最终叠加融合在Google地图上,实现了Google底图、准实时海冰影像图与破冰船走航位置的集成显示,为雪龙船的冰区航行提供了重要的数据支撑。     

地形在高大金字塔沙山形成发育过程中的作用——以敦煌鸣沙山-月牙泉地区为例

地形在金字塔沙山形成发育过程中起着重要的作用。金字塔沙山通常形成于山前地带,应属于地形屏障影响下形成的一种沙丘类型。首先,上升气流的发育是山前风阻区气流的主要特征,地形屏障是上升气流发生发展的主要原因。沙山的坡脚、坡中及坡顶分别是上升气流的启动区、发育区及衰退区。上升气流是沙山增高增大发育的主要机制。其次,金字塔沙山多发育于局地环流发育较强的地带,局地环流与区域风况配置是形成复杂沙丘类型的重要因素。本区局地环流偏南风不仅持续时间长,且受到鸣沙山微地形的影响,下坡气流较强。实地观测结果破解了常规气候台观测数据难以揭示上升气流及局地环流对金字塔沙丘形成发育的影响。第三,下附地形在沙山形成发育过程中决定着沙丘发育的“临界尺度”,即丘体达到“临界尺度”的时候,坡面上升气流及风速放大作用逐渐显现,促使丘体增高增大发育,随着沙丘形态与上升气流的互馈作用进一步增强,金字塔沙丘逐渐形成演化为高大沙山。实地观测进一步证实了金字塔沙山是纵向（横向）沙丘形变的一种形式。并提出了金字塔沙山在地形条件下形成演化的一种新模式。     

新疆阿拉套山花岗岩类的岩石化学

新疆阿拉套山南坡东西向展布的花岗岩石的岩石化学研究表明，本区同时存在Ｉ型和Ｓ型两种类型的花岗岩，其分布受构造环境控制，靠近古板块缝合线为Ｉ型花岗岩分布区、远离古板块缝合线为Ｓ型花岗岩分布区。源岩性质和作用强弱等因素可能是造成岩石化学成分差异的原因。     

荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量研究进展

生态化学计量学是通过研究生物有机体主要元素含量及其比值的变化关系,揭示生态系统各组分间元素循环规律的一门学科,生态化学计量也是荒漠生态系统研究的重要内容。因此,综合掌握水分和养分限制环境下C、N、P生态化学计量的关系对揭示荒漠生态系统植物的限制性元素、土壤营养的供给能力、养分的有效性等都具有重要的意义。基于此,回顾和分析了国内外荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量最新研究和动态,分别从植物、凋落物、土壤、土壤微生物、土壤酶进行较为系统的评述,讨论了植物-土壤-微生物-酶四者的关系,提出了荒漠生态系统C、N、P生态化学计量的未来研究方向,期望为全面理解固沙植被的演变过程、稳定性维持机制及其科学管理提供理论指导。     

常量元素氧化物含量及其比值揭示的中晚全新世以来玛曲高原的环境演变

对玛曲高原具有代表性的黄土-古土壤-风成砂剖面(OL剖面)常量元素氧化物含量及其比值的地球化学特征分析表明:(1)常量元素氧化物总含量为91.93%且SiO₂(67.93%) >Al₂O₃(11.2%) >Fe₂O₃(3.97%) >CaO(3.76%)>K₂O(2.16%) >Na₂O(1.81%) >MgO(1.1%);(2)玛曲高原处于较弱的脱Ca、Na初级风化阶段,并伴有碳酸盐的淋失;(3)玛曲高原的气候经历了冷干-凉润-温湿-凉干的冷暖旋回。依据常量元素氧化物含量及其比值揭示的环境特征并结合¹⁴C测年将玛曲高原中晚全新世以来的环境演变划分为4.6 ka BP以前的风沙活动强烈期、4.6～4.3 ka BP的风沙活动较弱期、4.3～0.3 ka BP的固结成壤期和0.3 ka BP至今的风沙活动增强期4个阶段。     

Comparison of the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation between the Changbai Mountains of eastern Eurasia and the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America

The Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains have similar spatial contexts. The elevation, latitude, and moisture gradients of both mountain ranges offer regional insight for investigating the vegetation dynamics in eastern Eurasia and eastern North America. We determined and compared the spatial patterns and temporal trends in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains using time series data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies 3rd generation dataset from 1982 to 2013. The spatial pattern of NDVI in the Changbai Mountains exhibited fragmentation, whereas NDVI in the Appalachian Mountains decreased from south to north. The vegetation dynamics in the Changbai Mountains had an insignificant trend at the regional scale, whereas the dynamics in the Appalachian Mountains had a significant increasing trend. NDVI increased in 55% of the area of the Changbai Mountains and in 95% of the area of the Appalachian Mountains. The peak NDVI occurred one month later in the Changbai Mountains than in the Appalachian Mountains. The results revealed a significant increase in NDVI in autumn in both mountain ranges. The climatic trend in the Changbai Mountains included warming and decreased precipitation, and whereas that in the Appalachian Mountains included significant warming and increased precipitation. Positive and negative correlations existed between NDVI and temperature and precipitation, respectively, in both mountain ranges. Particularly, the spring temperature and NDVI exhibited a significant positive correlation in both mountain ranges. The results of this study suggest that human actives caused the differences in the spatial patterns of NDVI and that various characteristics of climate change and intensity of human actives dominated the differences in the NDVI trends between the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. Additionally, the vegetation dynamics of both mountain ranges were not identical to those in previous broader-scale studies.     

Distribution of the indigenous microorganisms and mechanisms of their orientational activation in Daqing Oilfield

The distribution of indigenous microorganisms was surveyed in Block 1 of Daqing Oilfield. Based on this survey, the indigenous microorganisms in the formation water were activated with different activator systems at the simulated stratum ecological environment. The changes of the number of bacteria of various physiological groups were determined during the process of activation. Also changes of pH value and composition of gas productions were analyzed at the end of culturing. The results showed that the selected block formation water contained a great number of saprophytic bacteria, hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, fermentative bacteria, methane-producing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Under the conditions that the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria was controlled the block had the potential to enhance oil recovery by activating beneficial bacteria. The growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria can be inhibited through the activation of nitrate-reducing bacteria. The number of nitrate-reducing bacteria reached 10⁶–10⁷ cells/mL, but sulfate-reducing bacteria reached only 0–45 cells/mL in A system. Methane-producing bacteria can be activated by C, D activators. The relative content of biological methane in the light hydrocarbon gas reached 80% in C, D systems. B activator was conducive to the propagation of acid-producing bacteria, so that the pH value of the culture medium decreased from 7.5 to around 5.0. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria can be activated by various activator systems. There was low molecular light hydrocarbon in gas production according to the analysis of gas chromatograph. According to the content of methane and the number of methane-producing bacteria, methane only can be generated through activating methane-producing bacteria. By choosing different activator systems, various populations of indigenous microorganisms can be activated accordingly.     

长江三峡库区梯田稳定性分析与对策*──以鄂西秭归县为例

三峡库区历史上就是滑坡、崩塌作用强烈的地带,在调查分析秭归县滑坡、崩塌对梯田稳定性的影响的基础上,探讨了四种不稳定梯田培坎的特征、性质和现状,提出了利用优势植物固土护坎等相应的对策。     

基于学籍地址和地理编码的乡村小学教育资源空间可达性分析

基于“学籍信息中的家庭地址承载了学生空间位置”这一假设,通过学籍信息收集了湖南省株洲县小学生的家庭地址,借助高德开放平台提供的地理编码和POI搜索服务,获得到了株洲县小学生的空间位置和分布,并基于最短路径分析和高斯型两步移动搜索法分析了株洲县小学教育资源的空间可达性及其特征,尝试为区域教育资源的空间均衡性分析与规划配置提供新的数据源和方法借鉴。结果表明：① 基于学籍地址和地理编码技术能够较准确地获取株洲县小学生的空间分布。② 株洲县小学生就近入学距离的最大值、平均值和中位数分别为11.83 km、2.10 km和1.81 km,就近入学距离小于2.0 km的学生仅占55.46%,为株洲县兼顾公平和效率的教育资源配置工作带来了挑战。③ 株洲县北部城镇地区因学校数量较多,平均就近入学距离较小,教育资源的空间可达性普遍较高,且空间差异小,均衡性好;而东南部的乡村地区,平均就近入学距离较大,教育资源的空间可达性普遍较低,且空间差异大。④ 基于情景分析,在不造成局地生源稳定性问题的前提下,新增3所学校后,东南部地区的平均就近入学距离和教育资源的空间可达性有很大的改善,龙潭镇和龙门镇的平均入学距离由3784 m和3520 m降低到3116 m和2636 m,教育资源的空间可达性分别由0.0492和0.0982提高到0.0762和0.1496。     

Salinivibrio sp.YH4胞外丝氨酸蛋白酶EYHS耐盐性及生物信息学分析

摘要：目的 探讨菌株Salinivibrio sp.YH4分泌的丝氨酸蛋白酶EYHS的耐盐性及结构特征。方法 明胶底物酶谱法分析EYHS的耐盐性。应用生物信息学手段对EYHS及6种耐盐的S8家族丝氨酸蛋白酶结构特征进行分析。结果 EYHS在4 mol/L的NaCl溶液中仍具有活性,属于耐盐蛋白酶。EYHS及6种S8家族丝氨酸蛋白酶分子表面的loop区等无规则卷曲所占比例较高,α-螺旋与β-片层则主要位于酶分子内部。EYHS分子表面酸性氨基酸含量较高,且具有弱疏水内核。多序列比对发现蛋白酶的催化三联体两侧存在高度保守的基序和保守的极性氨基酸及芳香族氨基酸,并存在多个保守的Gly与Ala。同源模建和表面电荷分布显示,α螺旋和β片层围成了蛋白酶的催化腔,EYHS活性中心包含由Asp32、His65与Ser215组成的催化三联体,且催化位点区域表面静电势为负。结论 上述结构特征可能有助于耐盐丝氨酸蛋白酶EYHS在高盐环境下维持其稳定性和适度柔性,并有助于其催化功能的发挥,为深入研究耐盐丝氨酸蛋白酶的高盐环境适应性提供了一定的理论依据。