Preliminary study of crust-upper mantle structure of the Tibetan Plateau by using broadband teleseismic body waveforms

As part of a joint Sino-U.S. research project to study the deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau, 11 broadband digital seismic recorders were deployed on the Plateau for one year of passive seismic recording. In this report we use teleseimic P waveforms to study the seismic velocity structure of crust and upper mantle under three stations by receiver function inversion. The receiver function is obtained by first rotating two horizontal components of seismic records into radial and tangential components and then deconvolving the vertical component from them. The receiver function depends only on the structure near the station because the source and path effects have been removed by the deconvolution. To suppress noise, receiver functions calculated from events clustered in a small range of back-azimuths and epicentral distances are stacked. Using a matrix formalism describing the propagation of elastic waves in laterally homogeneous stratified medium, a synthetic receiver function and differential receiver functions for the parameters in each layer can be calculated to establish a linearized inversion for one-dimensional velocity structure. Preliminary results of three stations, Wen-quan, Golmud and Xigatze (Coded as WNDO, TUNL and XIGA), located in central, northern and southern Plateau are given in this paper. The receiver functions of all three stations show clear P-S converted phases. The time delays of these converted phases relative to direct P arrivals are: WNDO 7.9s (for NE direction) and 8.3s (for SE direction), TUNL 8.2s, XIGA 9.0s. Such long time delays indicate the great thickness of crust under the Plateau. The differences between receiver function of these three station shows the tectonic difference between southern and north-central Plateau. The waveforms of the receiver functions for WNDO and TUNL are very simple, while the receiver function of XIGA has an additional midcrustal converted phase. The S wave velocity structures at these three stations are estimated from inversions of the receiver function. The crustal shear wave velocities at WNDO and TUNL are vertically homogeneous, with value between 3.5–3.6 km/s down to Moho. This value in the lower crust is lower than the normal value for the lower crust of continents, which is consistent with the observed strong Sn attenuation in this region. The velocity structure at XIGA shows a velocity discontinuity at depth of 20 km and high velocity value of 4.0 km/s in the midcrust between 20–30 km depth. Similar results are obtained from a DSS profile in southern Tibet. The velocity under XIGA decreases below a depth of 30 km, reaching the lowest value of 3.2 km/s between 50–55 km. depth. This may imply that the Indian crust underthrusts the low part of Tibetan crust in the southern Plateau, forming a “double crust”. The crustal thickness at each of these sites is: WNDO, 68 km; TUNL, 70 km; XI-GA, 80 km. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 581–592, 1992.     

卡尼期湿润幕：气候- 环境变化与海洋生态效应研究新进展

晚三叠世卡尼期湿润幕（Carnian Pluvial Episode, CPE）是近年来最受瞩目的地质事件之一。此次事件以卡尼中期全球不同纬度环境湿度显著上升为主要标志。CPE的发生不仅对全球各地沉积格局产生重大改变，也对三叠纪生物演化产生了深远影响。海洋生物群在跨越CPE期间发生了不同程度的灭绝与演替，大部分海洋无脊椎动物和部分脊椎动物的多样性在CPE之后出现明显的降低，著名的关岭生物群也受到了CPE的明显影响，并开始显现出危机。CPE之后，恐龙类群开始逐步占据陆地生态的主导地位，早中生代和现代生物的先祖开始在这一时期纷纷出现。CPE的发生揭开了现生生物演化史新的一页，并最终开创了早中生代和现生生物黎明。有关CPE的触发机制主要包括以下2个方面：① 晚三叠世巨型季风环流在卡尼期达到鼎盛并区域上影响了大气降水量；② 板块活动造成大规模火山喷发引发全球气候扰动。由于上述2种解释还未能与我国其他地质记录较好匹配，因而CPE在特提斯东缘的发生次序和发展过程并不清晰。这其中，对CPE触发机制的探讨，需要将全球板块变化与古气候模拟纳入其研究范畴。不同于晚二叠世生物大灭绝后生物类群缓慢重启和生态逐步复苏，CPE期间的生物演化与革新在短时间内促成了现代生物类群的形成。在我国，上三叠统卡尼阶分布广泛、发育齐全，且保存有各门类丰富的动植物化石，是开展卡尼期气候- 环境变化与生态效应研究的重要场所。然而目前国内有关CPE研究还十分有限，一些基础的地质工作仍然有待开展。位于特提斯东缘的我国地质记录有助于深刻理解CPE过程和环境- 生物协同演化关系，尤其在现代生物多样性起源和当代生态系统结构成型的研究过程中需要提供更多中国的对比方案。     

珠江三角洲东部常平地区景观异质性研究

本文以１９８８年－１９９６年６个时段景观遥感类型图为主要信息源,利用信息熵法和空隙度指数法对珠江三角洲东部常平地区的景观异质性进行了研究。重点探讨了景观组分的空间分布差异和异质性动态变化情况。结果显示,开发区主要呈宏观异质性分布,果园,农田和林地呈微观异质性分布,城镇和水体的异质性分布特征均出现显著变化。     

综合RS与GIS方法提取青藏高原冲川变化信息：以布喀塔格峰为例

冰川变化的常规观测方法在高原的大部分地区无法实施。遥感与地理信息系统技术的发展为研究冲川变化提供了有效的手段,本文以位于昆仑山脉中段的布喀塔格山峰冰川为例,利用１９７３年至１９９４年的ＲＢＶ,ＭＳＳ和ＴＭ遥感资料为信息源,综合目视判读与统计分析方法提取冰川界限,形成冰川边界图,并规一化坐标系统,以ＧＩＳ为工具分析该冲川群的变化情况,计算冲川进退变化速率。     

Geology and isotopic composition of helium,neon, xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits,northwest Yunnan,China

TheJindingoredeposit,locatedinthenorthwestYunnanProvince,isthelargestPb-Zndeposit(Pb Zn>15Mt1),averagingZn=6.08%andPb/Zn=1/4.7)inChinaatpresent.Toitsnorth,alargeCu-Co-AgdeposithasbeenfoundatBaiyangpingrecently1).TheJindingPb-Zndepositishostedinsandstonesa…     

Structural physical parameter identification based on evolutionary-simplex algorithm and structural dynamic response

Evolutionary computation based on the idea of biologic evolution is one type of global optimization algorithm that uses self-adaptation, self-organization and random searching to solve optimization problems. The evolutionary-simplex algorithm is introduced in this paper. It contains floating encoding which combines the evolutionary computation and the simplex algorithm to ovcrcomc the problems encountered in the genetic algorithm and evolutionary strategy methods.Numerical cxpcrimcnts arc performed using seven typical functions to verify the algorithm. An inverse analysis method to identify structural physical parameters based on incomplete dynamic responses obtained from the analysis in the time domain is prcscntcd by using the evolutionary-simplex algorithm. The modal evolutionary-simplex algorithm converted from the time domain to the modal domain is proposed to improve the inverse efficiency. Numerical calculations for a 50-DOF system show that whcn compared with other methods, the evolutionary-simplex algorithm offers advantages of high precision,cfficient searching ability, strong ability to resist noise, independence of initial value, and good adaptation to incomplete information conditions.     

电子信息系统雷灾风险评估方法

灾害是一种风险,防治灾害就是管理并降低或者消除风险。需要正确认识和评估风险,对于雷电灾害来说就是开展雷电灾害风险评估,进而实施合理的雷电防护。因此,雷击风险评估是防雷设计工作之前的最重要的环节,为了全面、具体实施全方位的雷电防护提供客观、准确、科学的依据,本文针对电子信息系统雷电灾害的特点,在详细分析各种灾害成因的基础上,通过理论计算,提出了对雷电灾害进行风险评估的方法。     

Scaling and correlation of atmospheric acid deposition evolutions

Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and power spectrum density are applied to verify the presence of temporal scaling behavior and long-range persistence (LRP) of weekly hydrogen ion deposition (WHD), NO₃^- and SO₄^2- deposition series in National Atmospheric Deposition Program, USA, for the period 1978–2001. The results show a common scaling behavior for all sites analyzed. Two distinct scaling regions are identified by DFA1, one corresponding to 1 month to 1 year and the other to 1 year to 5 years. The WHD series obey power-law in two temporal regimes respectively with mean DFA1 scaling exponents α ₁≈0.68 and α ₂≈0.45, implying the presence of LRP in the acid deposition series and there is a tendency for a large deposition event to be followed by another large event, and vice versa. For DFA2–DFA4, however, the annual crossover, which divides the temporal scale into two regimes, disappears gradually with the order q of DFAq increasing, and the two scaling regimes turn to share the same scaling exponent close to α ₁. The result indicates that the scaling behavior exits in the two regimes with the same scaling exponent α ₁, and LRP prevails during the examined 1-month to 5-years scale. NO₃^- and SO₄^2- deposition evolve the same way as WHD does, implying the pollutants involving in acid deposition may share some prominent mechanism controlling their evolutions. We ascribe the long-range power-law scaling of acid deposition evolutions to the self-organized critical behavior of atmosphere under pollution stress and it should be considered in the trend prediction of acid deposition as an important factor.     

新疆西南天山哈布腾苏一带榴辉岩的岩石学特征及变质作用P-T轨迹

西南天山哈布腾苏河沿岸的含石墨的石榴石多硅白云母石英片岩中出露一套若干大小不等的布丁状变基性岩块,产状与区域面理一致。本文对其中保存完好的榴辉岩体进行了较为细致的岩石学研究和温压演化条件计算。根据主要矿物的含量,将该套榴辉岩大致分为两类—角闪榴辉岩和钠云母榴辉岩,二者的主要矿物均为 Grt Omp Na-Ca-Amp Pg Dol/Cal Rt±Qtz。石榴石变斑晶两阶段生长明显,从核部到边部 X_(Mn)和X_(Fe)降低,X_(Mg)和 X_(Ca)升高,指示了升温降压的变质过程。根据石榴石核部和边部的包体组合特征,确立了两期榴辉岩相变质作用:前一阶段经历了高压但较低温的硬柱石-硬绿泥石(仅见假象)榴辉岩相,变质温度为400～500℃,压力不低于1.8～1.9GPa,表明早期经历了快速俯冲过程;后一阶段的变质温度为570±30℃,压力为2.0～2.5GPa。在退变质绿帘角闪岩相阶段,形成低压脉体(矿物组合为 Ab Di Na-Ca-Amp Ep/Czo Cal)和一系列退变质反应结构,如 Dol 的 Cal 增生边,Omp 的 Di Ab 后成合晶结构。利用 Dol-Cal 分溶温度计和 Di的 Jd 分子含量得到该阶段的温度约500～530℃,压力小于0.9～1.1GPa,表明其退变质经历的是降温降压过程。这与利用Thermocalc 3.1在 NCFMASH 体系下计算的 PT 视剖面图是一致的。     

九江-瑞昌地震的精确定位及其发震构造初探

联合采用双差法和主事件法,对2005年11月26日发生在江西省九江县与瑞昌市交界的5.7级地震序列进行了重新定位,并在此基础上讨论了5.7级主震的震源机制解和可能的发震构造。结果显示:精定位后震源位置的估算误差在EW方向上平均为0.31km,NS方向上平均为0.40km,竖直方向上平均为0.48km,故而得到了更加精细的空间分布图像。此次地震序列在NNW-NW向呈现优势分布,震源深度主要集中在8～14km,又以10～12km最具优势。主震的震源位置大致为北纬29.69°,东经115.74°,震源深度约10.8km。结合地震序列优势分布、主震震源机制解和震区NE向、NW向断裂发育的构造背景,初步推测本次地震序列的主震可能是由瑞昌盆地内的一条NW向隐伏断层活动引发的,发震断层的性质有待于进一步研究。