近几十年来冻雨时空分布特征分析

利用EC再分析资料和中国台站资料,本文分析了1978-2002年53次低温雨雪冰冻事件中的冻雨过程,确定了冻雨易发区域,并讨论了其强度变化特征.结果表明近几十年来冻雨强度呈现明显下降的趋势,且1990年是其强度变化的突变点.其次,比较了衡量冻雨强度变化的两种常用指标:冻雨发生的站次数及冻雨事件的持续时间,分析显示它们之间存在显著的相关,即两种方法衡量在冻雨强度方面是等效的.最后,通过对53次事件中的温度层结及环流形势进行合成分析和经验正交分解(EOF),揭示了逆温层不但是冻雨发生的必要条件,而且也是冻雨强度发展的调节器.     

天津市浅层地热能开发利用动态监测网建设

天津是中国浅层地热能开发利用试点城市之一,目前已顺利完成试点工作,形成了"调查先行、规划跟进、工程示范、监测到位、政策保障"的"天津模式",动态监测作为其中一项重要的工作,取得了丰硕的成果。首先,结合天津浅层地热能地质条件和开发利用现状,制定了动态监测网的原则和技术要求;建设了地层温度监测站、运行系统监测站及两者皆有的监测站共11个,同时建立了天津浅层地热能开发利用试验基地及动态监测中心,采用GPRS网络实现了监测数据的无线传输;产学研相结合,研制了"分布串列式地层精细温度测量和传输采集系统"等监测设备、仪器及软件,共申报国家专利14项;在总结和分析建设经验的基础上,起草了《天津市地埋管地源热泵动态监测规程》。笔者认为,天津的工作成果,必将为其他省市开展浅层地热能工作提供宝贵的经验。     

四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面风化的环境地质问题分析

采用温湿度测试、石窟造像渗水实验、石窟造像吸水的红外成像、岩石特征分析等手段,对四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面及其周围环境进行监测,以及对石窟造像岩石特征进行分析。结果表明：进深较大的窟室内外存在2℃~4℃的温差,岩石0~40 mm深度范围内温度与外界气温存在显著相关性;石窟造像岩石主要成分为长石、石英、黑云母及黏土矿物,岩石渗水率和吸水率高,表层风化程度高。环境和岩石特征揭示广元千佛崖石窟造像的风化机理为：石质文物棱角部位和小型石窟造像对温度的变化敏感,当气温出现变化时,其温度变化剧烈,而其他部位相对滞后,从而导致石窟造像表层岩石在热胀冷缩的应力下出现微裂隙,并随着微裂隙逐渐增大,石质文物表面出现疏松、起壳、鳞片剥落等病害。同时微裂隙的出现增加水入渗的途径并扩大水-岩相互作用的面积,含水矿物的水合压力和结晶压力使岩石内部结构疏松逐渐破坏;水化学作用导致可溶盐离子形成,并随水毛细迁移在石窟造像表面聚集,导致石窟造像表面酥碱、锈染、彩绘层空鼓等失去原真而破坏。最后提出在窟龛上面加盖窟檐和在崖顶及立面坡面刻槽疏排水流等石窟造像治理措施来减缓其表面风化。     

基于GIS的县域耕地定级方法实证研究

以云南省晋宁县为例,在耕地分等成果的基础上,借助GIS及统计软件,选取社会经济因素和区位因素作为定级因素,在进行因子的权重确定及量化后,采用修正法对耕地进行定级研究。结果表明：（1）研究区的耕地可划分为5个级别,并且晋宁县耕地级别分布以中心城镇为中心,逐级递减,呈圈层式分布;（2）耕地级别明显受交通条件及利用效益的影响;（3）在未来一定时期内一、三、四、五级耕地质量会相对稳定,二级耕地的质量随着区域发展会有较大的提高,个别区域甚至会上升至一级地,高级别土地面积将有所扩大,低级别土地面积将有所减少。实例证明,该县域内耕地定级方法是高效合理的,可为县域内已有分等成果的区域提供参考。     

湖南猛洞河漂流气候舒适度评价及预报方程的建立

文章选取湖南省永顺县气象站1971-2000年各月的平均气温、相对湿度和风速资料,作为评价气候环境对漂流旅游舒适度的影响因子,对湖南省内著名的漂流景点、全国仅有的两条四星级漂流线路之一的猛洞河进行气候舒适度的模糊综合评判,并根据该评判模式建立了猛洞河漂流气象条件舒适度的预报方程。结果表明：(1)每年3-11月均可进行漂流旅游,其中气候条件较为舒适的时间为每年的5-9月,最为适宜的时间是6-8月,其中7-8月为漂流的旺季。(2)猛洞河气候舒适度判定结果与漂流景区的客流量相关程度达到0.859,表明气象因子是影响猛洞河漂流客流量的最主要因素。(3)在模糊综合评判的基础上,文章建立了猛洞河漂流每日气象条件舒适度预报方程,在实际应用中能为漂流游客提供指导。     

粤北下庄335矿床成矿时代的厘定——来自LA-ICP-MS沥青铀矿U-Pb年龄的制约

文章采用LA-ICP-MS测试技术对下庄矿田335矿床的沥青铀矿开展了U-Pb微区定年工作.335矿床沥青铀矿的成分特征及微观形貌特征显示,本区沥青铀矿在初始形成之后受到过后期的一些地质事件的影响.本次获得沥青铀矿的最大年龄为(93.5±1.2) Ma.结合华南岩石圈伸展发生的时间、辉绿岩脉对铀矿的控制作用及矿区内辉绿...     

宽甸橄榄岩包体微区地球化学特征及其岩石圈地幔演化

华北克拉通东部宽甸新生代碱性玄武岩中携带的地幔橄榄岩包体为我们认识该地区岩石圈地幔性质和演化过程提供了约束。根据橄榄石的Mg^#可将宽甸橄榄岩包体分成两类: 第1类为低Mg^#二辉橄榄岩包体(橄榄石Mg^#相对较低: 89.8～90.3),其单斜辉石具有高TiO₂(0.38%～0.57%)、Al₂O₃(4.41%～6.87%)、FeO_T(2.46%～3.73%)、MnO(0.08%～0.11%)含量和低Cr^#(7.42～14.2)的特征,它们所经历的部分熔融程度较低,这些特征类似于中国东部晚白垩世和新生代玄武岩中低Mg^#橄榄岩,代表了新生饱满的岩石圈地幔;第2类为高Mg^#方辉橄榄岩包体(橄榄石Mg^#相对较高:91.0～92.3),其单斜辉石具有低TiO₂(0.03%～0.33%)、Al₂O₃(2.27%～5.49%)、FeO_T(2.04%～2.40%)、MnO(0.07%～0.08%)含量和高Cr^#(15.3～25.8)的特征,它们经历了较高程度的部分熔融作用,其难熔的地球化学特征完全不同于低Mg^#二辉橄榄岩,却与克拉通内部太古宙和元古宙地幔包体类似,代表了古老难熔岩石圈地幔的残留。两类橄榄岩包体的平衡温度没有显著差异说明宽甸岩石圈地幔不存在明显的分层现象,而是新老岩石圈地幔混杂出现。宽甸橄榄岩包体的微量元素特征表明了它们受到过多期复杂的地幔交代作用,交代介质类型不仅有硅酸盐熔/流体还有碳酸盐熔体,其来源既有太平洋板块俯冲释放的熔/流体,又有因受太平洋板块俯冲扰动而上涌的软流圈熔体,因此太平洋板块俯冲可能对华北克拉通的破坏起到了重要作用。     

西藏羊卓雍错近期湖水水位变化及其原因分析

分析了羊卓雍错湖水19742010年间的水位变化,特别是过去几年湖水水位的大幅度下降,并根据流域内浪卡子县气象数据分析了控制湖水水位变化的主要原因。计算了流域内降水累积距平及蒸发量累积距平,并与湖泊水位的年际变化进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,2005年以前羊卓雍湖湖水的水位年际变化与流域降水累积距平变化一致,而与蒸发量累积距平变化相反,降水与蒸发量变化可以解释93%的湖水水位变化。20052010年湖水水位变化偏离了降水量的变化趋势。分析表明,气候的变化远不能解释羊卓雍湖水位的快速下降,可能人为活动的影响,是导致羊卓雍湖水位下降的主要原因。     

琼东南盆地陵南低凸起深水钻井岩心的稀土元素地球化学特征及其意义

A geochemical analysis of rare-earth elements(REEs) in 97 samples collected from the core of deep-water Well LS-A located at the Lingnan Low Uplift Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is conducted, with the purpose of revealing the changes of sedimentary source and environment in the study region since Oligocene and evaluating the response of geochemical characteristics of REEs to the tectonic evolution. In the core samples, both ∑REE and ∑LREE(LREE is short for light-group REEs) fluctuate in a relatively wide range, while ∑HREE(HREE is short for heavy-group REEs) maintains a relatively stable level. With the stratigraphic chronology becoming newer, both ∑REE and ∑LREE show a gradually rising trend overall. The ∑REE of the core is relatively high from the bottom of Yacheng Formation(at a well depth of 4 207 m) to the top of Ledong Formation, and the REEs show partitioning characteristics of the enrichment of LREE, the stable content of HREE, and the negative anomaly of Eu to varying degrees. Overall the geochemical characteristics of REEs are relatively approximate to those of China's neritic sediments and loess, with significant "continental orientation". The ∑REE of the core is relatively low in the lower part of Yacheng Formation(at a well depth of 4 207–4 330 m), as shown by the REEs partitioning characteristics of the depletion of LREE, the relative enrichment of HREE, and the positive anomaly of Eu; the geochemical characteristics of REEs are approximate to those of oceanic crust and basalt overall, indicating that the provenance is primarily composed of volcanic eruption matters. As shown by the analyses based on sequence stratigraphy and mineralogy, the provenance in study region in the early Oligocene mainly resulted from the volcanic materials of the peripheral uplift areas; the continental margin materials from the north contributed only insignificantly; the provenance developed to a certain extent in the late Oligocene. Since the Miocene, the provenance has ceaselessly expanded from proximal to distal realm, embodying a characteristic of multi-source sedimentation. In the core strata with 31.5, 28.4, 25.5, 23, and 16 Ma from today, the geochemical parameters of REEs and Th/Sc ratio have significant saltation, embodying the tectonic movement events in the evolution of the Qiongdongnan Basin. In the tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea, the South China Sea Movement(34–25 Ma BP, early expansion of the South China Sea), Baiyun Movement(23 Ma BP), late expansion movement(23.5–16.5 Ma BP), expansion-settlement transition, and other important events are all clearly recorded by the geochemical characteristics of REEs in the core.     

Characterization of Stratospheric Aerosol Distributions during the Volcanically Quiescent Period of 1998–2004

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment （SAGE） II aerosol extinction profiles at 1020 nm were used to study the distribution characteristics of stratospheric aerosols during the volcanically quiescent period of 1998-2004. The stratospheric aerosol distributions exhibited hemispheric asymmetry between the Northern Hemisphere （NH） and the Southern Hemisphere （SH）. In the lower stratosphere below 20 km, the zonal averaged aerosol optical depths in the NH were higher than those of the corresponding SH; whereas at higher altitudes above 20 km, the optical depths in the SH-- except the equatorial region--were higher than those of the NH. At 0-10°N and 10-20°N, the stratospheric aerosol optical depth （SAOD） exhibited larger values in boreal winter and lower values in the spring and summer; at 0-10°S and 10-20°S, the SAOD presented small seasonal variations. At 30-40°N, the SAOD presented larger values in the boreal fall and winter and lower values in the spring and summer; while at 30-40°S, the SAOD exhibited larger values in the austral winter and early spring and lower values in the summer and fall. These characteristics can mainly be attributed to the seasonal cycle of the dynamic transport, and the effects of the buildup and breakdown of the polar vortex. At 50-60°S, the SAOD exhibited extremely high values during austral winter associated with the Antarctic polar vortex boundary; at 50-60°N, the SAOD also exhibited larger values during the boreal winter, but it was much less obvious than that of its southern counterpart.