Petrology of high-pressure granulites from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis, situated at the eastern terminus of the Himalayas, is the least-known segment of the Himalayas. Recent research in this area has revealed that the syntaxis consists of the Gangdise, the Yarlung Zangbo, and the Himalayan units, each of which is bounded by faults. The Himalayan unit, the northernmost exposed part of the Indian plate, mainly contains amphibolite facies rocks, marked by the assemblages staurolite+kyanite+plagioclase+biotite+muscovite±sillimanite and garnet+amphibole+plagioclase, in the south; to the north, low- to medium-pressure granulite grade pelitic gneisses and marbles are present and are characterized by the assemblages garnet+sillimanite+K-feldspar+plagioclase or antiperthite+biotite+quartz±spinel±cordierite±orthopyroxene in gneisses, and anorthite+diopside±wollastonite and plagioclase+diopside+quartz+phlogopite+calcite in marbles. Within this unit, the Namula thrust system is a series of moderately north-dipping structures that displaced the granulite facies rocks southwards over the amphibolite facies rocks. High-pressure granulites occur as relics within these granulite facies rocks and contain garnet–kyanite granulite and garnet clinopyroxenite. The peak assemblage of the garnet–kyanite granulite includes garnet (core part)+kyanite+ternary feldspar+quartz+rutile. Sillimanite+garnet (rim part)+K-feldspar+ oligoclase+ilmenite+biotite and spinel+albite+biotite or spinel+cordierite±orthopyroxene, which are coronas around sillimanite and garnet, are retrograde products of this peak assemblage. Another peak assemblage includes very-high-Ca garnet (CaO 32–34 wt%, Alm₁₀±Grs_>80) and diopside (CaO 22–24 wt%), scapolite, meionite, quartz, and accessory Al-bearing titanite (Al₂O₃ 4–4.5 wt%). The diopside has kink bands. Partial or complete breakdown of Ca-rich garnet during post-peak metamorphism produced pseudomorphs and coronas consisting of fine-grained symplectic intergrowths of hedenbergite and anorthite. Thermobarometric estimates in combination with reaction textures, mineral compositions, and recent experimental studies indicate that these peak assemblages were formed at P=c. 1.7–1.8 GPa, T =c. 890 °C, and the retrograde assemblages experienced near-isothermal decompression to P=0.5±0.1 GPa, T =850±50 °C. The whole-rock compositions indicate that marble and pelite are plausible candidates for the protoliths. These facts suggest the following (1) sedimentary rocks were transported to upper-mantle depths and equilibrated at those conditions to form these high-pressure granulites, which were then emplaced into the crust quickly. During the rapid exhumation of these rocks, the earlier high-pressure assemblages were overprinted by the later low- to medium-pressure assemblages, that is, the high-pressure granulite belt formed in the syntaxis. (2) The Namula thrust system is an important tectonic boundary in the syntaxis, or even in the Higher Himalaya more generally.     

极轨卫星高层通道在GRAPES同化系统中的应用

针对GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)模式三维变分系统高层背景场温湿廓线外推方案的局限性,提出以气候垂直廓线重新构造高层温湿垂直结构,以减小外推方案的偏差。首先采用一维变分同化系统,展开模拟实验:分析目前模式中使用的外推方案误差及其对反演结果的影响,利用高层大气气候廓线构造垂直结构并分析同化偏差。最后,运用GRAPES全球分析预报系统进行同化实验并分析改进程度。结果显示:模拟研究表明采用高层背景场温湿廓线外推方案与实际观测相比最大偏差在1 h Pa附近可达数十度以上,不仅影响平流层,而且对对流层也有影响;用气候温度数据修正GRAPES高层温度数据,可以减少50%以上的偏差,证明了用气候值高层数据优化现行GRAPES模式中同化系统高层插值方案的可行性。全球GRAPES三维变分同化试验结果显示,改进方案不仅显著的改善平流层分析质量,对对流层中高层也有改进。     

华南伊迪卡拉纪类水母化石新发现

An abundant and diversified assemblage of benthic fossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo black shales in the Wenghui section of Guizhou Province contains two discoidal carbonaceous forms, Kullingia rotadiscopsis sp. nov. and Eoaequorea xingi gen. & sp. nov. The fossils have well-preserved concentric rings and radiating lines, and resemble many circular casts and moulds in Ediacaran clastic and carbonate rocks in the world, such as Aspidella, Ediacaria, Cyclomedusa, Eoporpita, Ovatoscutum, Spriggia and Kullingia. The Doushantuo carbonaceous macrofossils help us to inquire into the current functional identifications of circular disks as the holdfasts of unknown organism or scratch circles. Although there is not sufficient correspondence in morphology to warrant reinterpreting all previously described Kullingia and Aspidella form-genus-type structures, these carbonaceous compressions are prone to be the ancestor of pelagic jellyfish-like organisms with medusoid hydrozoan affinity.     

水温和盐度对皱纹盘鲍“97”选群第6代变态及变态幼体生长存活的影响

采用室内受控方法研究了水温(14、16、18、20、22、24、26和28℃)和盐度(22、24、26、28、30、32、34、36、38和40)对皱纹盘鲍变态及变态幼体生长存活的影响。结果表明,水温对变态率、变态幼体存活率和生长率的影响极显著(P0.01)。14~28℃条件下,随着水温的升高,幼体变态率、变态幼体存活率和生长率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。24℃时变态率最高,为86.05%;18℃时,变态幼体存活率最高,为96.00%;26℃时,投苗6 d内的壳长、壳宽生长率最大,分别为48.49μm/d和43.81μm/d;投苗15 d内的壳长、壳宽生长率最大,分别为68.06μm/d和59.69μm/d。盐度对皱纹盘鲍变态率及变态幼体生长率的影响极显著(P0.01),对幼体存活率却无显著影响(P0.05)。22~40盐度条件下,幼体变态率先升高后降低,于32达最大值,为79.23%;变态的盐度下限为22,该盐度下仅有2.21%的个体能够完成变态。26~40条件下,变态幼体存活率均高达85%以上;随着盐度的升高,变态幼体生长率先升高后降低。投苗6 d内壳长、壳宽生长率均于34达最大值,分别为32.03μm/d和25.20μm/d;投苗15 d内壳长、壳宽生长率分别于34和32达最大值,为43.03μm/d和39.00μm/d。     

右江盆地酸性脉岩继承锆石成因及地质意义

卡林型金矿与岩浆作用的关系一直以来是矿床学家关注的热点。右江盆地发育众多卡林型金矿床,但由于区内岩浆岩出露十分有限,岩浆活动对金成矿有无贡献目前还无定论。火成岩中的继承锆石常常可以用来指示早期的、隐伏的岩浆活动。桂西北地区晚白垩世巴马、料屯和下巴哈石英斑岩脉中含有大量的继承锆石。其中,料屯和下巴哈两处脉岩分别与料屯和明山金矿在空间上紧密相关。脉岩中锆石的LA-ICP-MS和SIMS原位U-Pb定年表明,其主要集中于130~140Ma、242Ma左右、400~450Ma、700~1000Ma和1700~1800Ma等五个年龄段。关于较年轻的两个时间段,来自料屯和下巴哈石英斑岩脉的继承锆石分别获得两组谐和年龄,即136.3±3.9Ma(2σ)和242.3±1.7Ma(2σ)、128.2±2.3Ma(2σ)和243.1±3.6Ma(2σ)。这些脉岩侵入的最年轻地层为中三叠统百逢组,因而前三叠纪继承锆石可能捕获自地层,而晚于三叠纪的130~140Ma锆石则应来自于深部隐伏岩体。关于242Ma左右锆石,尽管其与围岩地层百逢组1~2段近于同期,但其晶形较差且多呈不规则碎片状,暗示其更可能源自百逢组中的沉积碎屑锆石。结合区域地质背景,认为该期锆石所代表的岩浆事件可能与古特提斯洋闭合有关。以上130~140Ma和约242Ma左右的两组年龄,与初步确定的右江盆地卡林型金矿的两次成矿的时代基本一致,据此推断金矿化与岩浆作用可能有一定成因联系。     

威德尔海的地形地貌特征及主控因素

威德尔海是南极洲最大的边缘海,南侧毗邻菲尔希纳冰架和龙尼冰架,西侧紧邻南极半岛,东侧可到科兹地一线,北部面向开阔大洋.开展威德尔海的研究工作,对于认识整个南极的构造史、南极环流的发展史和现代气候的演变史有着重要意义.本研究通过卫星测高数据获取了威德尔海区域的水深地形,分析结果表明威德尔海的南侧和西侧呈现出陆架、陆坡、深海平原的典型地形变化特征.根据地形变化初步划分出威德尔海的陆架、陆坡、深海平原、海沟、海脊、海槽与海底高原等地貌类型.威德尔海的中部偏东侧主要分布着深海平原,往北侧受海沟阻隔,地形变化较为复杂.海底高原是南极半岛往东北延伸的水下部分,其间隔形成了鲍威尔海盆、简海盆等水深3 000 m左右的海盆,与4 000~5 000 m的深海平原形成明显的水下阶地形态.深海平原的东北侧海域分布着脊槽相间的地形,以"鲱骨式结构"、海沟等构造地貌类型为主.威德尔海西侧洋陆边界转换带控制了陆架的延伸位置,而东南侧陆架宽度被"发现陡崖"等构造地貌控制.威德尔海的地形地貌特征主要受构造作用控制,同时冰川沉积物的输送在后期对地貌的演变有着一定的影响.     

海域集约利用概念及其评价方法探讨

海洋资源的不合理开发常导致临海经济布局不合理、海域使用效益地区差异明显、海洋生态系统遭受巨大破坏等问题,因此探讨如何实现海域利用结构合理化、提高单位海域面积经济效益、实现海域面积集约利用具有重要的现实意义。文章在梳理土地集约利用的内涵和相关理论的基础上,提出海域集约利用的概念,并对海域集约利用的内涵进行探讨;总结国内外土地集约利用的相关评价指标体系和土地集约利用评价的相关方法模型,包括统计分析与计量分析方法、模型分析方法、GIS空间分析方法等;构建海域集约利用评价的指标体系。以期为优化海域空间利用结构、促进海洋资源合理利用的后续研究提供参考。     

新疆吐-哈盆地地下水水文地球化学特征及形成作用

新疆吐-哈盆地水资源严重缺乏,地下水是当地主要的水资源,探讨该地区地下水水文地球化学特征对区域地下水资源开发利用与保护具有重要意义。通过运用阴阳离子Piper三线图、氢氧稳定同位素、Gibbs图以及离子相关关系分析的方法,探讨了该地区地下水化学特征及其形成作用。结果表明:吐-哈盆地地下水的补给来源主要以大气降水为主,排泄以蒸发为主;溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用对地下水化学组分的形成具有主导作用;沿地下水流动方向水化学类型由Cl·SO_4-Na型逐渐演变为Cl-Na型,水化学组分变化规律具有较好的一致性并且浓缩现象比较明显。     

生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变

依托三峡库区典型村农户访谈数据,基于收益最大目标决策框架,设定农村转型发展中3种农户生计类型情景：农业主导生计、兼业转向生计和非农主导生计,解析种植业产污负荷随主导生计非农转向的演变特征,探讨主导生计类型转向的动力机制。结果表明：① 样区耕地经营现状呈自耕、流转与撂荒并存的多元化发展格局,且表现出“入”小于“出”的特征,不同农户家庭类型间实际人均耕种规模为“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”>“劳动力家庭”;② 种植业单位面积产污负荷中,“半劳动力家庭”最高,“劳动力家庭”次之,“无劳动力家庭”最低,“劳动力家庭”内部又随劳动力人数增加呈先增再减趋势;③ 样区农户生计类型由农业主导向非农主导转型过程中,种植业产污负荷最大减幅达72.01%,兼业转向生计情景下削减幅度为19.61%~29.85%,非农主导生计情景下减幅为35.20%~72.01%,但TN、TP的减量特征并不一致;④ 劳动力配置与生计来源“非农化”促使农户主导生计类型向非农转化,生计非农演变的潜在农户收入/福祉权衡亦驱使生计决策转向非农化,不同农户家庭类型对生计转向的敏感程度表现为“劳动力家庭”>“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”;⑤ 在新型城镇化快速推进和创新新型工业体系构建过程中,山区农户生计类型进一步向非农转变,而这一过程又将促使种植业产生的污染负荷量进一步减少,要大幅削减种植业产污负荷,就必须制定有助于山区农户生计非农化的调控对策。