精密单点定位中三种GPS卫星钟差预报模型的精度分析

分析了二次多项式、线性和灰色系统三种预报模型的原理和特点,采用了IGS精密星历和超快星历数据,选取了五颗钟差变化比较典型的卫星,实现了为期一天的卫星钟差预报。     

利用GPS-R遥感技术反演植被生物量

为了验证利用GPS-R遥感技术反演植被生物量的可行性,分析了GPS反射信号反演植被生物量的原理与方法,通过试验利用干涉复合场数据（ICF）计算出信号反射率,利用已有文献拟合出的信号反射率与植被生物量之间的关系求出生物量,并与遥感技术结果进行了对比。试验结果表明：利用GPS-R遥感技术反演植被生物量是可行的,但是精度还需依靠时间反演模型;GNSS-R反演植被生物量对分析调查区域植被生长和碳排放情况具有重要意义。     

广东0506大暴雨的成因探讨

2005年6月18～25日,广东省出现罕见的持续强降水过程(0506大暴雨),造成广东省巨大的经济损失。利用NCEP再分析资料计算的非地转Q矢量、假相当位温和经向环流对这次强降水过程进行分析,结果表明:南海地区的对流系统北移并多日滞留在广东地区是0506大暴雨的一个直接原因,它是南海夏季风活动的一个表现;广东0506大暴雨有明显的南北两个主要的降水区域,其中南边是季风对流降水,而北部则属于锋面降水雨带。     

Preliminary comparison of trace metals in coastal aerosols between Qingdao and Liverpool

Aerosol samples were collected at two coastal suburban stations, Qingdao （China） in 1995-1996 and Liverpool （U.K.） in 1995, respectively. The samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of trace metals （Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, V, and Cd） as well as A1, Fe and Mn. Data were examined to understand the difference of trace metals in aerosols between coastal zones downwind the developing area （near the Yellow Sea） and developed region （near the Irish Sea）. The results show that most elements at Qingdao have levels 4-5 times higher than those at Liverpool, particularly for the crust-dominated elements （e.g. Al, Fe and Mn）. Moreover, the aerosol composition at Qingdao is higher in spring than in summer, underlying the influence of westerlies and local emissions in combination, whereas seasonal change of aerosol composition is not significant at Liverpool. The enrichment factors for the crustal source elements （EFcrust） at Liverpool are much higher than those at Qingdao. The contributions from the pollutant source （Rp） for some trace metals like Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd are 〉90% at Qingdao and Liverpool, suggesting overwhelming anthropogenic contributions to these metals. The contributions from crustal source （Re） for trace metals tend to increase with higher aerosol levels and Al concentration at Qingdao, indicating a good correlation between the crust-dominated component and the air mass. At Liverpool, the Rc values for trace metals are positively correlated with Al concentrations instead of with aerosol mass, suggesting that Al in aerosols represents the crustal component even though the aerosols come from different sources.     

Modelling the flexural buckling failure of stratified rock slopes based on the multilayer beam model

The buckling failure of stratified rock slopes intersected by a set of steep discontinuities that are approximately parallel to the slope surface is frequently encountered while constructing railways and roadways in mountainous areas. In this study, an analytical approach based on the energy equilibrium principle is presented to solve the flexural buckling stability of stratified rock slopes within the framework of multilayer beam theory. The generalized HoekBrown failure criterion is introduced to reflect the influences of slope size(scale effects) on the buckling stability. Subsequently, numerical and physical modellings from previous literatures are employed to validate the proposed approach. Furthermore, a practical case of Bawang Mountain landslide is also used for the comparative analysis. The study shows that the present analytical approach is capable to provide a more reasonable assessment for the buckling failure of stratified rock slopes, compared with several existing analytical approaches. Finally, a detailed parametric study is implemented, and the results indicate that the effects of rock strength, rock deformation modulus, geological strength index, layer thickness and disturbance degree of rock mass on the buckling failure of stratified rock slopes are more significant than that of rock type and slope angle.     

Sensitivity of Potential Evapotranspiration Estimation to the Thornthwaite and Penman–Monteith Methods in the Study of Global Drylands

Drylands are among those regions most sensitive to climate and environmental changes and human-induced perturbations.The most widely accepted definition of the term dryland is a ratio,called the Surface Wetness Index(SWI),of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration(PET)being below 0.65.PET is commonly estimated using the Thornthwaite(PET Th)and Penman–Monteith equations(PET PM).The present study compared spatiotemporal characteristics of global drylands based on the SWI with PET Th and PET PM.Results showed vast differences between PET Th and PET PM;however,the SWI derived from the two kinds of PET showed broadly similar characteristics in the interdecadal variability of global and continental drylands,except in North America,with high correlation coefficients ranging from 0.58 to 0.89.It was found that,during 1901–2014,global hyper-arid and semi-arid regions expanded,arid and dry sub-humid regions contracted,and drylands underwent interdecadal fluctuation.This was because precipitation variations made major contributions,whereas PET changes contributed to a much lesser degree.However,distinct differences in the interdecadal variability of semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions were found.This indicated that the influence of PET changes was comparable to that of precipitation variations in the global dry–wet transition zone.Additionally,the contribution of PET changes to the variations in global and continental drylands gradually enhanced with global warming,and the Thornthwaite method was found to be increasingly less applicable under climate change.     

大气中痕量有机胺测量方法的研究进展

作为大气中最重要的含氮有机化合物,有机胺易与硫酸、硝酸气体生成胺盐,促进新颗粒的形成,同时也可与臭氧、OH自由基、NO₃自由基发生氧化反应,是二次气溶胶的前体物.综述了国内外关于大气有机胺检测技术的研究进展,对常规的离线检测技术和在线质谱技术进行了介绍和对比,重点介绍了质谱法工作原理以及测定大气有机胺的优越性,并对其未来发展进行了展望.     

铵伊利石矿物热稳定性研究

通过室内对含铵伊利石粘土岩样品加热处理,利用DTA、XRD、FTIR、氮元素分析等方法研究了铵伊利石的热稳定性,发现铵伊利石矿物中的氮含量随温度的升高而逐渐降低.铵伊利石矿物晶格结构在500℃之前,具有稳定性,层间的N表现为缓慢释放的特征.在500～600℃温度区间,层间N的释放速率加剧.600℃开始向半晶质化方向发展,700 ℃以上晶格结构破坏,层间NH4+消失.加热到700～800℃高温相中,仍残留有0.3%～0.5%的氮,这表明矿物中的N在高温下通过与Si、Al和O原子化学结合,仍具有比较高的相对稳定性.本研究对于认识地球系统幔源物质演化、运移、分异、脱气作用和氮循环等具有重要理论意义.     

宋代妈祖信仰传播的地理过程及其推力分析

对宋代妈祖信仰传播的地理空间分布及扩散态势与不同信仰人群间的关联进行分析,认为民间信仰的一种传播和扩散途径是从较低的社会阶层开始,逐步向较高的社会阶层扩散,并随着不同信仰人群的不同行为方式和活动空间特征,向着不同的传播路径进行传播,并形成不同的地理空间分布特征。宋代是妈祖信仰发展的初期,渔民、海员海商和地方士绅官员这些不同的信仰群体在妈祖信仰传播地域扩大过程中先后加入,逐步实现信仰的等级扩散。不同信仰群体对其地域扩散推动方式不同:渔民群体以短距离传染性扩展扩散为主,海员海商群体以长距离迁移扩散为主,士绅官宦群体二者兼而有之。不同信仰群体对信仰地域传播形成的地理分布态势不同。渔民群体产生沿海岸小范围密集型分布,海员海商产生港口集镇分布特征,士绅官宦推动信仰向着政治中心传播。这些不同的传播类型和分布态势与各人群活动地域和行为方式密切相关。     

辽西大黑山生态修复区土地利用格局变化及驱动力

生态修复区土地利用与覆盖变化是区域环境变化研究的重要内容,可为水土保持生态修复措施的调控及效益定量评价提供依据。以辽西大黑山生态修复区2000年、2005年和2010年的Landsat TM遥感影像为基础数据,基于Erdas Imagine遥感软件和ArcGIS技术平台,利用土地利用动态度、土地利用程度综合指数和转移矩阵等指标,对研究区土地利用格局的动态变化进行了定量分析,并探讨了其变化的驱动力因素。结果表明:1.10 a间,耕地保持面积最大,其次是林地和草地;耕地和未利用土地占总面积比例分别减少了28.43%和44.32%,林地、草地、城镇村及工矿交通、水域及水利设施用地占总面积比例分别增加了83.68%、10.75%、21.07%和162.74%。2.2000—2005年,林地的土地利用变化幅度最大,为12.42%,其次为未利用土地和草地;2005—2010年,水域及水利设施用地的土地利用变化幅度最大,为24.82%,其次是草地、未利用土地和耕地。3.研究区土地利用程度和开发强度处于中等偏上水平,2000—2005年土地利用处于发展期,2005—2010年土地利用处于调整期;土地利用类型的转入和转出主要发生在耕地、林地和草地之间。4.水土保持生态修复和退耕还林等生态建设项目的实施,可以较大程度地改变微地貌、减少地表坡度、提高植被盖度,在短时间使土地利用的空间分布发生较大变化,是其土地利用格局变化的主要驱动力因素。