Studies on wind environment around high buildings in urban areas

High buildings or architectural complex in urban areas remarkably distort the urban surface wind fields. As the air flow approaches,local strong wind may appear around the buildings. The strong wind makes the pedestrians on sidewalks, entrances and terrace very uncomfortable and causes the pedestrian level wind environment problem. In this studies, hot-wire wind measurement, wind scouring in wind tunnel and numerical computation were carried out to evaluate the wind environment of tall buildings in the prevailing flow conditions in Beijing areas. The results obtained by three techniques were compared and mutually verified. The conclusions drawn from three approaches agree with each other. Also the advantages and limitations of each method were analyzed. It is suggested that the combination of different techniques may produce better assessment of wind environment around high buildings.     

Study of statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasting regional air quality

Based on analysis of the air pollution observational data at 8 observation sites in Beijing including outer suburbs during the period from September 2004 to March 2005, this paper reveals synchronal and in-phase characteristics in the spatial and temporal variation of air pollutants on a city-proper scale at deferent sites; describes seasonal differences of the pollutant emission influence between the heating and non-heating periods, also significantly local differences of the pollutant emission influence between the urban district and outer suburbs, i.e. the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutant is closely related with that of the pollutant emission intensity. This study shows that due to complexity of the spatial and temporal distribution of pollution emission sources, the new generation Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model developed by the EPA of USA produced forecasts, as other models did, with a systematic error of significantly lower than observations, albeit the model has better capability than previous models had in predicting the spatial distribution and variation tendency of multi-sort pollutants. The reason might be that the CMAQ adopts average amount of pollutant emission inventory, so that the model is difficult to objectively and finely describe the distribution and variation of pollution emission sources intensity on different spatial and temporal scales in the areas, in which the pollution is to be forecast. In order to correct the systematic prediction error resulting from the average pollutant emission inventory in CMAQ, this study proposes a new way of combining dynamics and statistics and establishes a statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasts of regional air quality by utilizing the relationship of CMAQ outputs with corresponding observations, and tests the forecast capability. The investigation of experiments presents that CMAQ-MOS reduces the systematic errors of CMAQ because of the uncertainty of pollution emission inventory and improves the forecast level of air quality. Also this work employed a way of combining point and area forecasting, i.e. taking the products of CMAQ for a center site to forecast air pollution for other sites in vicinity with the scheme of model products "reanalysis" and average over the "area".     

The diurnal and seasonal characteristics of urban heat island variation in Beijing city and surrounding areas and impact factors based on remote sensing satellite data

Based on the land surface temperature (LST), the land cover classification map,vegetation coverage, and surface evapotranspiration derived from EOS-MODIS satellite data, and by the use of GIS spatial analytic technique and multivariate statistical analysis method, the urban heat island (UHI) spatial distribution of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities and its driving forces are studied in Beijing city and surrounding areas in 2001. The relationships among UHI distribution and landcover categories, topographic factor, vegetation greenness, and surface evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results indicate that: (i) The significant UHI occur in Beijing city areas in the four seasons due to high heat capacity and multi-reflection of compression building, as well as with special topographic features of its three sides surrounded by mountains,especially in the summer. The UHI spatial distribution is corresponding with the urban geometry structure profile. The LST difference is approximately 4-6℃ between Beijing city and suburb areas, comparatively is 8- 10℃ between Beijing city area and outer suburb area in northwestern regions. (ii) The UHI distribution and intensity in daytime are different from nighttime in Beijing city area, the nighttime UHI is obvious. However, in the daytime, the significant UHI mainly appears in the summer, the autumn takes second place, and the UHI in the winter and the spring seem not obvious. The surface evapotranspiration in suburb areas is larger than that in urban areas in the summer, and high latent heat exchange is evident, which leads to LST difference between city area and suburb area. (iii) The reflection of surface landcover categories is sensitive to the UHI, the correlation between vegetation greenness and UHI shows obviously negative.The scatterplot shows that there is the negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R2 = 0.6481).The results demonstrate that the vegetation greenness is an important factor for reducing the UHI,and large-scale construction of greenbelts can considerably reduce the UHI effect.     

高压旋喷桩复合地基在高层住宅楼中的应用

以郑州市某高层住宅楼工程为例,介绍了高压旋喷桩复合地基的设计计算和施工方法,经静荷载试验和建筑物沉降观测,复合地基的承载力可以满足设计要求,说明高压旋喷桩复合地基可以成功地用于高层住宅楼的建筑中.     

辽宁省鞍本地区铁尾矿资源现状及其开发利用

辽宁省的鞍山、本溪两市为我国重要的钢铁基地，各矿山长期生产遗留的铁尾矿问题越来越引起人们的重视，如污染环境、诱发地质灾害等，如何解决已成为地质、环保、水工界的关注。     

大学城的另类定位--广州旅游的"太阳"

从旅游的角度,运用定性分析和比较分析的方法,分析广州大学城,发现它在广州所有景区中,最有资格和条件担当广州旅游的“太阳”。它位于广州市番禺区新造镇小谷围岛,投资规模、大学数量、占地面积和规划人口容量皆为中国之最,是世界最大的人造景区,具有浓浓的文化氛围、时代气息,能够体现与闪烁广州的灵魂与精神。为此,广州应在大学城的建设中为未来角色创造更好的条件。     

基于高通量测序的表层水体纤毛虫多样性评估方法比较与优化

基于扩增子的高通量测序技术广泛应用于微型生物多样性的研究, 不同的测序手段和数据分析流程, 影响着微型生物多样性与群落结构的分析结果。本研究以易于形态鉴定的砂壳纤毛虫作为研究对象, 比较DNA测序、RNA测序和形态学方法检获的多样性和物种组成等, 探究序列分析流程中关键步骤: 嵌合体处理、可操作分类单元分析方法选择、合并相似分类单元以及去除稀有类群等对多样性结果的影响。研究结果显示无论基于DNA还是RNA的分子手段与形态学方法检获的主要物种基本一致, 与DNA测序相比, RNA测序检获的物种数少, 但差异不显著。基于97%以上相似度聚类和单核苷酸变异所得群落结构相似, 无显著差异; 且所有分析方法都能在一定程度上反映出自然界中不同类群的相对丰度。相较于单核苷酸变异和其他相似度阈值, 99%相似度下聚类所得多样性更为接近形态学结果。去除嵌合体和稀有类群(去除阈值: DNA测序0.05%; RNA测序0.07%), 可明显改善分子多样性虚高的问题。本研究为纤毛虫等真核微生物的分子多样性研究提供了科学的数据分析流程, 对未来真核微生物多样性研究具有指导意义。     

地质岩芯科技资源科普化工作探索与实践——以自然资源实物地质资料中心为例

岩芯科技资源科普化是打通地质科研—科普链条的重要途径,本文通过梳理我国岩芯科技资源现状,分析了岩芯科技资源科普化的现实意义,重点阐述了岩芯科技资源在向地质科普转化5个方面的探索与实践,提出了今后岩芯科技资源科普化工作应建立良好政策机制制度、转变科研人员观念、科技知识向科普转化水平、新技术新手段的应用以及做好科普活动的实施总结等5项工作建议。     

山东诸城地区下白垩统一新类型鸟类足迹

1931年,Mehl报道的来自Dakota Group的Ignotornis mcconnelli是第一个被广泛接受的中生代鸟类足迹。目前,亚洲、北美洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲都有白垩纪鸟类足迹的报道,尤其以东亚地区最为丰富。山东诸城张祝河湾恐龙足迹点保存了一枚完整的鸟类足迹,本文对该鸟类足迹进行了详细描述与对比。研究认为,该鸟类足迹区别于以往发现的鸟类足迹,根据其形态建立了新种：玲珑诸城鸟足迹Zhuchengornipes exquisitus。玲珑诸城鸟足迹造迹者可能为滨鸟类,形成于干旱气候下的滨浅湖环境。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组生排烃扩张微米孔/缝的发现及其意义

笔者等通过电子背散射、二次成像和能谱分析,结合薄片和反射显微镜观察,发现松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩中发育了大量由生排烃扩张形成的微米孔和微米缝。生排烃高压扩张微米孔的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多为近圆形或半圆形,直径多在0. 5 μm到数微米,一般1~2 μm,最大可达8 μm;④孔缘一般为以绿泥石为主的黏土,形成不连续的圈环;圈环上缘的黏土多呈弧形或眉状,绿泥石化明显,在背散射图像中呈亮色;⑤孔内多有自生的纳米级葡萄状或豆渣状黏土,是构成封存油气的物质基础;⑥生排烃高压扩张微米孔可以组合成4种类型：即垂向联结成垂直的排烃烟囱型、垂向联结成倾斜的排烃烟囱型、水平联结成顺层的排烃管型和竖面上联结成更大的片状大孔型。排烃烟囱直或微曲,直立或倾斜;宽1~3 μm,最宽可达200 μm;高十几到30 μm,最大可达1500 μm;顶部多与顺层微米缝（或毫米缝）联结,是排烃烟囱的最终泄压和泄油气的总库;生排烃扩张微米孔孔隙度变化大,面孔率一般在5%~6%,局部面孔率最高可达39. 66%。生排烃高压扩张微米缝的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多以顺页理为主的微米缝为主;④略曲的张性缝,多呈锯齿状,绕过刚性矿物;⑤宽度多在0. 5 μm到数十微米;最宽可达150 μm;⑥多与黄铁矿、白云石、磷灰石等自生矿物伴生;⑦多与生排烃扩张微米孔和排烃烟囱相连。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的形成动力主要有两种：一种是烃类流体的高压扩张力;第二种是烃类流体的化学溶蚀力。笔者等计算了形成这种生排烃微米孔和微米缝的压力,形成生排烃扩张微米孔从1500 m的44. 74 MPa到2500 m深的74. 81 MPa;形成生排烃扩张微米缝的排烃压力稍大,在相同深度比形成生排烃扩张微米孔大3 MPa。生排烃扩张微米孔缝与其他孔缝相连构成了一个储运网络,使储层的储集能力和渗透性大幅增加,是可动用储量的主要贡献者,为古龙页岩油的开发创造了有利条件。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的发现对于古龙页岩油的勘探开发具有重要意义,同时对于页岩油储层的研究具有启发作用。