考虑水文变异的黄河干流河道内生态需水研究

气候变化及人类活动导致水文变异,变异前后样本总体分布显著不同,即改变了当地生态系统的水文状况,打破生态平衡。本文使用滑动秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U检验) 分析水文变异,并对水文变异成因做了系统的分析。在此基础上,对变异前各月平均流量序列用线性矩法推求GEV分布参数,求出概率密度最大流量,并将其视为相应月河道内生态流量。本文用该法计算黄河干流7 站各月河道内生态流量,即得河道内生态需水情况。分析表明,考虑水文变异的河道内生态需水计算方法是可行的;水文变异后,黄河流域干流各水文站满足生态需水的频率大大降低,汛期降低幅度比非汛期大;黄河生态系统水环境恶化的主要原因是人类活动。     

极端干旱沙漠中无沙埋干扰时几种固沙植物栽植试验研究

沙埋干扰是沙漠地区乡土植物生存繁殖的必要条件。在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,无沙埋干扰地段大多是高矿化度地下水埋深较浅的地段,这些地段盐渍化较重。7a定点观测和试验表明,塔里木沙漠公路沿线丘间地栽植固沙植物逐渐死亡的主要因素不是沙层水分和沙层盐分,而是高矿化度地下水埋深太浅(0.8~1.0 m),即这类地段植物死亡的原因主要是由于植物长期吸收高矿化度地下水使得体内盐分积聚过多无法调节而造成的。因此,在干旱区高矿化度地下水埋深太浅的地段,无沙埋干扰时建立固沙植被应谨慎。     

湘东北仁里矿区西侧X荧光异常特征及找矿意义

湖南湘东北幕阜山地区新发现了仁里超大型钽铌矿床,为寻找伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床提供了新的研究思路。研究表明湘东北地区是铌—钽—锂—铍稀有金属矿重要的成矿区域,项目在仁里矿区西侧找矿勘查区开展了遥感—地球物理—化探—X荧光—地气分析综合探测研究工作,以建立南方高植被覆盖区伟晶岩型稀有金属找矿高效、快速勘查技术方法体系。本次研究利用X荧光勘查技术,对工作区布设的3条共长3000 m的测线,共153个测点的土壤样品进行了分析,每个测点获得了Nb、Ta、Rb等重要成矿元素的含量。通过矿致X荧光异常特征的分析,确定了工作区内异常的性质,与已获得的勘查成果比较,符合程度较好,并且在一条测线上推测可能存在未探明的含铌钽矿伟晶岩脉,为后续的勘探工作提供线索。同时也表明了X荧光勘查方法具有良好的找矿效果,可以为找矿提供参考和指示作用     

华北板块南缘中段中上三叠统软沉积变形构造的发现及其地质意义

豫西地区中上三叠统主要出露在济源、义马、伊川和南召一带。印支期秦岭造山运动控制和影响着邻区中上三叠统盆地属性和沉积地层展布。通过观察研究区野外露头剖面,发现中上三叠统发育一系列典型的软沉积变形构造,包括液化底辟、枕状构造、液化柱、液化卷曲变形、负载、球-枕、火焰状构造、液化角砾岩。这些软沉积变形在垂向上表现出明显的复现性,在侧向上表现为沿地层连续展布,表明该时期研究区内地层受到频繁强烈的地震影响。通过对这些软沉积现象的识别和形成机制解释,判定其触发因素为秦岭造山过程中伴生的地震。区内地层中震积岩的存在即是对秦岭造山过程中构造活动的响应。     

青藏高原东北缘特提斯构造域界线的探讨

东特提斯构造域北界的确定不仅可以约束构造域的范围及演化,而且对于约束中国各陆块的原始构造归属也有着非常重要的意义.本文将从地球化学角度对这一科学问题进行探讨.祁连造山带早古生代蛇绿岩单元内枕状玄武岩的元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成系统研究表明：其地幔源区的Nd和Pb同位素组成均表现出印度洋MORB型同位素组成特征;枕状玄武岩（△^207Pb/^204Pb）t变化范围为9.1～24.3（平均值为14.7）,（△^208/^204Pb）t变化范围为9.1～101.1（平均值55.3）;与古特提斯和新特提斯蛇绿岩具有一致的同位素组成.因此,祁连造山带古洋幔应属于原特提斯构造域.纵观中国境内的特提斯构造域蛇绿岩的分布特征可知：该构造域表现出自北而南变年轻的时空演化规律,从而说明中央造山带的动力学过程也应纳入冈瓦纳大陆裂解和亚洲增生的总动力学系统之中.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组潮坪沉积中的遗迹化石

在塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组中共发现遗迹化石 11属 12种,包括Skolithoslinearis、Skolithosverticalis、Ophiomorphanodosa、Arenicolitesisp.、Cylindrichnusisp.、Thalassinoidessuevicus、Diplocraterionparallelum、Taenidi umsatanassi、Macaronichnussegregatis、Palaeophycustubularis、Planolitesbeverlegensis和Cochlichnusanguineus。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕或下浮痕保存。按其古生态和沉积学特征,可划分出三个遗迹组合:①Skolithos-Thalassinoides遗迹组合,代表了平坦底型条件下的砂坪沉积环境;②Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,反映了潮间带砂泥坪沉积环境;③Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,代表了平均低潮线附近的泥坪沉积环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部塔巴庙地区与地层挠曲变形有关的构造裂缝分布定量预测

塔巴庙地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部伊陕斜坡构造带上,构造平缓,一般认为不具备裂缝发育条件.然而大量岩心观察、薄片分析、物性测试、测井及试井资料证实,研究区上古生界发育区域性分布的构造裂缝系统和与地层局部挠曲变形有关的局部构造裂缝系统.本文重点介绍与低幅度地层挠曲变形有关的裂缝预测方法,以及主要勘探层裂缝发育部位、发育程度和裂缝系统产状等成果.研究表明,地层挠曲变形主要发生于燕山期构造运动,喜马拉雅期对地层有一定改造作用.构造裂缝对致密储层储集性能作用意义不大,但对储层渗透率的改善作用明显.      

Runoff reduction due to environmental changes in the Sanchuanhe river basin

Recently, runoff in many river basins in China has been decreasing. Therefore, the role that climate change and human activities are playing in this decrease is currently of interest. In this study, we evaluated an assessment method that was designed to quantitatively separate the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff in river basins. Specifically, we calibrated the SIMHYD rainfall runoff model using naturally recorded hydro-meteorologic data pertaining to the Sanchuanhe River basin and then determined the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff by comparing the estimated natural runoff that occurred during the period in which humans disturbed the basin to the runoff that occurred during the period prior to disturbance by humans. The results of this study revealed that the S1MHYD rainfall runoff model performs well for estimating monthly discharge. In addition, we found that absolute runoff reductions have increased in response to human activities and climate change, with average reductions of 70.1% and 29.9% in total runoff being caused by human activities and climate change, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that human activities are the primary cause of runoff reduction in the Sanchuanhe River basin.     

Possible effect of ENSO on annual sediment discharge of debris flows in the Jiangjia Ravine based on Morlet wavelet transforms

The multi-time-scale structures of an annual sediment discharge series of debris flow in the Jiangjia Ravine and the Southern Oscillation index are analysed using the method of Morlet wavelet transformations. The possible effects of E1 Nirio episodes on the annual sediment discharge are discussed by comparing the period variations of ENSO and the discharge. The results show that the annual sediment discharge series of debris flow is related to E1 Nifio episodes. Generally, the annual sediment discharge of debris flow is less than usual during an E1 Nifio episode and debris flow is less active. On the contrary, the annual sediment discharge of debris flows is greater than usual during a La Nifia episode and debris flows are more frequent. There is a relationship between the annual sediment discharges of debris flow in the Jiangjia Ravine and the summer Southern Oscillation index, with both having quasi-periodic variations of 2 and 5-6 years.