西藏谢通门雄村地区洞嘎金矿赋矿凝灰岩的年代学和地球化学特征

西藏谢通门县雄村地区洞嘎金矿作为南拉萨地体较早发现的独立金矿,其成矿作用研究较为薄弱。笔者等以洞嘎金矿赋矿凝灰岩为研究对象,开展了岩相学、年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素特征研究,探讨洞嘎金矿赋矿凝灰岩的岩石成因及构造背景,揭示凝灰岩对成矿的控制作用。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年结果显示,凝灰岩结晶年龄为185. 1 ± 1. 9 Ma（MSWD = 0. 48）,成岩时代为早侏罗世;主量元素地球化学特征显示K2O/Na2O值（2. 91 ~ 12. 3）较高,属于钙碱性系列;微量元素地球化学特征显示富集大离子亲石元素（如Sr、Ba）和轻稀土元素（LREEs）,亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、Ti等）和重稀土元素（HREEs）。结合微量元素构造环境判别图解,认为凝灰岩形成于新特提斯洋洋壳北向俯冲相关的大洋岛弧环境。另外,凝灰岩以Nb/Ta值为14. 0 ~ 17. 8、La/Nb平均值<2. 50、Zr/Ba平均值为0. 31为特征,具有较高的正的εHf(t)（+ 8. 05 ~ + 14. 2）,暗示凝灰岩岩浆源区为受到新特提斯俯冲洋壳释放的流体交代的亏损软流圈地幔楔;岩浆上升侵位的过程中未受到地壳物质的混染,主要经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石结晶分异。洞嘎金矿赋矿凝灰岩中的裂隙构造不仅为洞嘎金矿的含矿热液运移提供了空间,而且也为矿质的沉淀提供了场所;同时,凝灰岩也起到了盖层作用,保护矿床形成后免受剥蚀作用的影响。综合分析认为,洞嘎金矿形成于新特提斯洋北向俯冲的大洋岛弧环境,是斑岩型铜金矿床外侧的热液脉型金矿体。     

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in mainland China and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block's interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional(3D) P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north–south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by lowvelocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan–Dian and Songpan–Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the sub–block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80–120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background forthe area's strong earthquake activity.     

三维激光扫描装置设计与数据处理

三维激光扫描仪克服了传统的单点测量方式,可以方便地对实物进行复制建立立体模型。笔者简单介绍了三维激光扫描仪构造及其实现的原理,利用自行购买的激光雷达、相机和电控平台等部件搭建三维激光扫描平台,利用串口通讯实现对激光雷达、相机和电控平台等硬件控制,进一步完成三维激光扫描点云生成及图像获取,并对生成的点云进行了精度校正,最后基于特征点拼接多幅扫描图像并成功地实现了扫描点云和图像的匹配融合,其中点云精度和图像融合效果较好。     

北羌塘坳陷冬曲地区上三叠统巴贡组扇三角洲沉积特征

北羌塘坳陷冬曲地区上三叠统巴贡组为一套碎屑岩沉积,在垂向上具有两个向上变粗的充填序列。根据沉积体产出形态和叠置序列、岩石组合与结构、沉积构造及流体性质等沉积特征,确定该套沉积体为扇三角洲相沉积,进而可划分出扇头、扇中、扇尾3个亚相。发育底冲刷构造、粒序层理、平行层理、交错层理等,表明其流体性质既有重力流又有牵引流特征。通过该套扇三角洲沉积体的认识,对研究该区古构造背景、沉积环境及油气地质条件等具有重要意义。     

Indoor experiment and numerical simulation study of ammonia-nitrogen migration rules in soil column

The riverbank soil is a natural purifying agent for the polluted river water(Riverbank filtration, RBF). This is of great importance to groundwater safety along the riverbank. This paper examines the migration and transformation rules of ammonia-nitrogen in three typical types of sand soil using the indoor leaching experiment of soil column, and then makes comparison with the indoor experiment results in combination with the numerical simulation method. The experiment process shows that the change in ammonia-nitrogen concentration goes through three stages including "removal-water saturation-saturation". As the contents of clay particles in soil sample increase, the removal of ammonia-nitrogen from soil sample will take more time and gain higher ratio. During the removal period, the removal ratio of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 averages 68.8%(1-12 d), 74.6%(1-22 d) and 91.1%(1-26 d). The ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio shows no noticeable change as the depth of soil columns varies. But it is found that the ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio is the least of the whole experiment when the soil columns are at the depth of 15 cm. It can be preliminary inferred that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water mainly depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil. HYDRUS-1D model is used to simulate this experiment process, analyze the change of the bottom observation holes by time and depth in three columns(the tenth day), and make comparison with the experiment result. The coefficients of determination for fitting curves of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 are 0.953, 0.909, 0.882 and 0.955, 0.740, 0.980 separately. Besides, this paper examines the contribution of absorption, mineralization and nitrification in the simulation process. In the early removal stage, mineralization plays a dominant role and the maximum contribution rate of mineralization is 99%. As time goes by, absorption starts to function and gradually assumes a dominant position. In the middle and late removal stage, nitrification in Column 1 and Column 2 makes more contribution than mineralization. So the experiment result of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration is 0.6% and 2.4% lower than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -4.53% and -5.10% respectively when only the function of absorption is considered. The mineralization in Column 1 and Column 2 in the middle and late removal stage still plays a more important role than nitrification. So the experiment result is 1.4% higher than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -2.51% when only the function of absorption is considered. Therefore, absorption, mineralization and nitrification make different contributions during different part of the stage. This means that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water not only depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil, but depends on the mineralization and nitrification environment. This can offer some insights into the protection and recovery of groundwater along the riverbank.     

顾及边界信号及垂直约束的GNSS水汽层析方法

利用GNSS三维水汽层析技术获取大气水汽分布信息,具有全天候、高时空分辨率、高精度和经济实用的优势.但目前只考虑层顶信号的层析模型,存在观测数据利用率低、网格空格率大的问题,此外采用的垂直约束方程与实际水汽分布符合程度也较低.本文基于探空信息拟合的函数建立垂直约束,设计并实现了一种顾及边界信号的层析方法,利用香港CORS网数据和无线电探空产品进行精度验证,详细分析了边界信号对层析结果的改善程度,同时分析了垂直约束方程对层析结果的影响.研究结果表明:边界信号的加入使得观测量提高了51.9％,网格空格率大幅降低,解算结果的平均均方根误差降低了12.1％;相对于基于垂直方向上水汽分布呈指数递减特性建立的传统约束方程,本文采用的垂直约束解算结果的平均均方根误差降低了5.7％.     

基于“承载基础-承载现状-承载潜力”模型的山东省地质环境承载力评价

地质环境对区域发展有一定的先决作用。山东省地质环境条件比较复杂,存在崩滑流、采空塌陷、地面沉降、海水入侵等地质环境问题,区域开发不能突破其承载力。地质环境承载力是一个动态变化过程,既要考虑地质环境基础条件,也要重视其承载现状,基于此才能科学评估地质环境承载力。本研究在分析区域地质环境特征的基础上,围绕“承载基础-承载现状-承载潜力”模型,建立地质环境承载力评价指标体系,利用AHP和arcgis10空间分析功能对研究区地质环境承载力进行综合评价,最后获得研究区地质环境承载力评价结果。结果表明:沂沭断裂带附近、莱州湾一线、胶州湾一带以及黄河三角洲地区地质环境承载基础弱,其余地区承载基础较强;鲁西地区、烟台市北部地区受采矿活动以及地下水超采等人类活动影响,地质环境承载现状处于超载。包括鲁西北、鲁西南以及胶东半岛的山东省大部分地区承载潜力大。针对影响区域地质环境承载力的重要因素,提出相关对策建议。     

珠江口盆地渐‒中新世古气候及物源特征:以阳江东凹为例

珠江口盆地阳江东凹处于太平洋构造域与新特提斯构造域交汇处,地球动力学背景、构造演化历史复杂,对于盆地物源特征和物源区古气候演化方面研究比较薄弱。选取珠江口盆地阳江东凹A钻井岩心中的珠海组-韩江组砂泥岩样品,对其进行地球化学分析,结果显示,样品呈轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦的配分模式,有明显的负Eu异常特征,与花岗岩相似;Al_2O_3/TiO_2、F1-F2、La/Th-Hf和Co/Th-La/Sc判别图解表明源岩以长英质为主,并有镁铁质岩石的混入;Al_2O_3/TiO_2、Cr/Zr和Th/Sc值也体现出长英质成分为主的物源特征;(Fe_2O_3+MgO)-TiO_2、Th-Co-Zr/10和Th-Sc-Zr/10构造环境判别图解显示,大部分样品落在大陆岛弧和主动大陆边缘区域,综合研究表明源区岩石特征与中国东南沿海大面积发育的岩浆岩极为相似。化学蚀变指数(CIA)、化学风化指数(CIW)、斜长石蚀变指数(PIA)等指标以及Mg/Ca值,指示珠江口盆地阳江东凹晚渐新世至中中新世物源区经历了中等程度的化学风化,对应温暖湿润的古气候环境,且从早到晚气温降低、降水量减少。     

Coupling of a Regional Climate Model with a Crop Development Model and Evaluation of the Coupled Model across China

In this study, the CERES(Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis) crop model was coupled with CLM3.5, the land module of the regional climate model RegCM4. The new coupled model was named RegCM4_CERES; and in this model, crop type was further divided into winter wheat, spring wheat, spring maize, summer maize, early rice, late rice,single rice, and other crop types based on each distribution fraction. The development of each crop sub-type was simulated by the corresponding crop model separately, with each planting and harvesting date. A simulation test using RegCM4_CERES was conducted across China from 1999 to 2008; a control test was also performed using the original RegCM4. Data on crop LAI(leaf area index), soil moisture at 10 cm depth, precipitation, and 2 m air temperature were collected to evaluate the performance of RegCM4_CERES. The evaluation provided comparison of single-station time series, regional distributions,seasonal variations, and statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES. The results revealed that the coupled model had an excellent ability to simulate the phonological changes and spatial variations in crops. The consideration of dynamic crop development in RegCM4_CERES corrected the wet bias of the original RegCM4 over North China and the cold bias over South China.However, the degree of improvement was minimal and the statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES were roughly the same as the original RegCM4.     

基于启发式搜索的气象服务产品功能配置研究

本文首先简单介绍了启发式搜索的概念,并由此基础上阐述将功能需求配置进行细分并用与或树来表示每种功能需求配置划分方案,再由气象服务产品研发与客户共同制定相应的评价因素及权重后,通过状态空间的启发式探索策略来得到气象服务产品功能需求配置划分的最优方案,最后举例证明四川省重大气象灾害全媒体直播产品的需求转换成为功能需求配置划分方案,并利用启发式搜索策略来得到最优方案的可行性。