Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract-Heat content of the upper layer above the 20℃ isotherm in the tropical Pacific Ocean isestimated by using the sea temperature data set with a resolution 2°latitude×5°longitude (1980～1993)for the water depths (every 10 m) from 0 m to 400 m, and its temporal and spatial variabilities are an-alyzed. (1) The temporal variability indicates that the total heat in the upper layer of the equatorial Pa-cific Ocean is charcterized by the interannual variability. The time series of the equatorial heat anomaly5 months lead that of the El Nino index at the best positive lag correlation between the two, and theformer 13 months lag behind the latter at their best negative lag correlation. Therefore the equatorialheat content can be used as a better predictor than the El Nino index for a warm or cold event. In addi-tion, it is also found that less heat anomaly in the equator corresponds to the stronger warm events inthe period (1980～1993) and much more heat was accumulated in the 4 years including 1992/1     

Studies on Genus Cryptomonas from China seas

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＣｒｙｐｔｏｍｏｎａｓｉｓｕｎｉｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｂｉｆｌａｇｅｌｌａｔｅｗｈｉｃｈｉｓａｃｏｍｍｏｎｇｅｎｕｓｏｆＣｒｙｐｔｏｐｈｙｔａ .Ｔｈｅｃｅｌｌｓａｒｅｕｓｕａｌｌｙｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｌａｔｅｒａｌｌｙ .ＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｏｎｅｏｒｔｗｏｌａｒｇｅＣｈｌｏｒｏｐｌａｓｔｓｔｈａｔｃｏｎｔａｉｎｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ ,ｃ ,ｓｏｍｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｃａｒｏｔｅｎｏｉｄｓａｎｄｐｈｙｃｏｂｉｌｉｎｐｉｇｍｅｎｔｓ (Ｈｕｅｔａｌ.,1 997;Ｗｅｉ…     

盐渍洼地蟹种培育试验

盐渍洼地种蟹培育是解决成蟹养殖种苗来源的重要途径，文中介绍的幼蟹放养，饲养管理与水质控制，幼蟹生长率与土增重量的变化，蟹种成活率与回捕率等对蟹种池墉强化培育提供了经验与理论依据。     

台湾海峡海流结构及海水通量

主要根据台湾海峡的实测海流资料，以夏、冬为代表季节，分析了台湾海峡２—３个纬向断面的海流结构，计算出各断面的海水通量。结果表明：夏季，台湾海峡中、北部海域各层的海流一般偏Ｎ向流动，Ｎ向的海水净通量为３．３２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１；冬季，高温高盐的黑潮水和南海水由南向北经南部断面进入台湾海峡，其海水通量分别为１．６９×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１和０．５９×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１；而东海水由北向南通过北部断面进入台湾海峡，其海水通量为１．０２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１，其中，有０．４０×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１的海水沿着福建和广东近岸流进南海，其余０．６２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１的海水在台湾海峡北部混合后随同黑潮水和南海水流入东海。总之，流经台湾海峡的Ｎ向海水净通量为１．７４×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１。     

Analysis of seabed instability using element free Galerkin method

Wave-induced seabed instability, either momentary liquefaction or shear failure, is an important topic in ocean and coastal engineering. Many factors, such as seabed properties and wave parameters, affect the seabed instability. A non-dimensional parameter is proposed in this paper to evaluate the occurrence of momentary liquefaction. This parameter includes the properties of the soil and the wave. The determination of the wave-induced liquefaction depth is also suggested based on this non-dimensional parameter. As an example, a two-dimensional seabed with finite thickness is numerically treated with the EFGM meshless method developed early for wave-induced seabed responses. Parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of wavelength, compressibility of pore fluid, permeability and stiffness of porous media, and variable stiffness with depth on the seabed response with three criteria for liquefaction. It is found that this non-dimensional parameter is a good index for identifying the momentary liquefaction qualitatively, and the criterion of liquefaction with seepage force can be used to predict the deepest liquefaction depth.     

Protracted Environmental Issues on a Proposed Titanium Minerals Development in Kenya's South Coast

This study takes cognizance of the fact that the TIOMIN (TIOMIN Resources Inc. of Canada) project has resulted in controversy over its handling of environmental issues and especially the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The authors address many of the protracted issues that have slowed the development of the mining project in Kwale. The main emphasis is on the impacts of the mining and mineral separation processes on the environment, including the governing legislation, the role of consultation and public participation, and socioeconomic issues. In their public documents TIOMIN has specified neither the type of minerals it wants to extract from the area nor their chemical composition. It is well known, however that the titanium minerals and zircon targeted have impurities of iron, thorium and uranium. In the absence of an Environmental Management Plan, the effects of stockpiling radioactive wastes and other impurities that could possibly lead to environmental degradation in both the terrestrial and marine environments have not been publically addressed. The measures proposed to mitigate ecological damage as a result of the establishment of a minerals processing plant in the area seem inadequate. Pollution resulting from accidental spillage or breakage could have significant impact on marine life and residents living near the mining site. Other issues that have not been addressed satisfactorily pertain to the use of surface and underground water. The area already faces a huge water deficit and the calculations presented on aquifer recharge and stream flow rates do not indicate the large quantities of water that would be required in the mineral processing plant. The project, if approved in its present state, risks violation of international conventions. Furthermore, it could cause a conflict between Kenya and Tanzania in the event of an oil spill at the proposed ship loading facility at Shimoni. The proposed mining area includes the district's most fertile land, is home to many fisherfolk and is a major tourist destination. An analysis of the effects of this project on other available opportunities must be thoroughly understood to ascertain the economic and environmental benefits and costs of the mining venture. The proposed compensation rate of $1,000 per acre, for resettlement for example, appears to be grossly inadequate. Compensation should take into account family size and structure family assets and the cost of relocation.     

长江口海水的密度

为了核对1980年国际海水状态方程应用于中国近岸海水的可靠性,高精度的磁力浮沉子密度计在15—25℃,盐度5—35,一个大气压条件下,测量了长江口附近海水及其人工稀释海水的相对密度。结果表明,海水密度直接测量值系统地偏高于状态方程计算值,二者之间的偏差随水样盐度值降低而增大,且与海水[Ca~(2+))/s比值成明显正相关关系。经计算机拟合,导出了长江口附近海水及其稀释海水的状态方程,该方程计算值与实验值的平均标准偏差为±3.9×10~(-3)kg/m~3。     

Fluctuations of CaFz(Eu) scintillator background

Background signal of the scintillation detector routinely used for atmospheric Kr-85 counting follows fluctuations, and their connection with cosmic ray variations is searched for. A strong correlation between the 27-day moving average of sunspot numbers and the background is obtained from the 1988 data.