Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau: Potential Evapotranspiration Trends from 1961–2000

Time series (1961–2000) of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration estimates for 101 stations on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas are analyzed in this paper. For the Tibetan Plateau as a whole potential evapotranspiration (PET) has decreased in all seasons. The average annual evapotranspiration rate decreased by 13.1 mm/decade or 2.0% of the annual total. Superimposed on this general decline are fluctuations ranging from app. 600 to 700 mm with above average rates in the 1970s and 1980s. On a regional basis, spatial trend distributions remain stable throughout the year with similar seasonal variations. Decreasing PET rates are more pronounced in winter and spring (80% of all stations) as compared to summer and autumn (58% of all stations). Maximum negative (positive) annual rates were recorded at two stations in the southern Qaidam Basin with –79.5 mm/decade (84.8 mm/decade) even though in general negative rates tend to be noticeably higher than positive rates.Changes in wind speed and to a lesser degree relative humidity were found to be the most important meteorological variables affecting PET trends on the Tibetan Plateau while changes in sunshine duration played an insignificant role. Stable daytime temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau have limited the importance of temperature trends for changes of PET rates. Negative evapotranspiration trends are therefore thought to be linked to a general decrease in intensity of the regional monsoon circulation rather than to reductions in sunshine duration. Reduced PET rates appear to be in contrast to a predicted increased hydrological cycle under global warming scenarios.     

Burris型重力仪性能分析

对Burris型相对重力仪长时间断电后再次供电,分析Burris型重力仪升温过程,并使用2台Burris型重力仪（B95和B101） 2014年7月至2016年12月的实测数据,分析仪器性能。结果表明：① Burris型相对重力仪长时间断电并再次供电后,加热125 min达到恒温点,在升温过程中,读数先大幅减小后小幅增大,绝对变化率逐渐减小,通电110 h后零漂小于3×10^-8 m/（s²·h）,达地震重力观测仪器进网要求;② Burris型重力仪静态零漂存在由负变正的过程,不同仪器所需时间不同;③随着仪器使用年限加长,Burris型重力仪稳定性变差。忽略重力仪突跳读数,可获取测量精度在10×10^-8 m/s²左右的流动重力数据;④ Burris型重力仪混合零漂和静态零漂变化基本一致,呈逐渐增大趋势,但存在差别。     

用陆块旋转解释藏东南渐新世-中新世伸展作用——来自点苍山及邻区变质核杂岩的证据

沿红河断裂带(RRFZ)分布的点苍山变质核杂岩是一个不完整的变质核杂岩,它由两个特征迥异的单元组成,包括被同构造二长花岗岩侵入角闪岩相构造岩组成的下盘和绿片岩相的拆离断层带。下盘岩石包括具有高温构造组合,具有指示左行走滑剪切运动方向的L型糜棱岩或LS型糜棱岩。拆离断层带是一个上盘向E到SE伸展剪切的低温剪切带,由具有剪应变和压应变的典型S-L糜棱岩构成。低温构造岩也包括发育于下盘的几个糜棱岩化似斑状二长花岗岩侵入体。变质核杂岩与西侧覆盖未变质的中生代沉积岩并置,东部受第四纪断层作用影响为沿洱海分布的更新世—全新世沉积盆地。通过对点苍山变质核杂岩的构造研究,结合邻区变质核杂岩的地质年代学及古地磁学分析,我们认为:位于东南亚红河断裂和实皆断裂带之间的扇形区域内出现的变质核杂岩与渐新世—中新世时期区域性伸展作用有关,而伸展作用是由印支地块的差异性旋转产生的,其原因是由于约33Ma开始斜向俯冲的印度板块的顺时针旋转和回退所致。     

分析拟稳定流径向弥散试验数据的反函数法

将描述拟稳定流径向水动力弥散过程的近似解析解进行反函数变换。以变换后的表达式为基础,建立了具有c-t数据和c-r数据两种情况下的直线方程。该方程的因变量与自变量均为试验数据的函数,直线常数中含有待求弥散参数。经过适当的数据转化,就可以利用线性回归法或直接图解法求出直线常数,从而计算出含水层介质的纵向弥散度al和有效孔隙率n。算例表明,这种方法的计算结果精度令人满意。      

陕西扶风县城地下水源地开采方案设计

针对严重缺水的陕西省扶风县城供水问题,本文在分析该区水文地质条件和开采现状的基础上,建立了水文地质概念模型,选择了承压水二维非稳定流数学模型进行描述,采用解析法无越流的无界承压含水层干扰井群法求解该数学模型,设计了两套地下水开采方案,计算评价水源地可开采资源量,并对两套方案的计算结果进行了讨论分析,建议选取第二套方案,布井19眼,设计开采量19500m3/d,为拟建城区水源地供水工程新增1.5万m3/d～1.9万m3/d可开采水量提供了依据.     

松潘—甘孜造山带容须卡岩浆-穹隆地质特征及构造演化

位于松潘—甘孜造山带雅江穹隆群北东部的容须卡岩浆底辟穹隆区,经历了多期构造演化,内部构造极其复杂。为厘清容须卡地区岩浆与穹隆的演化关系,通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,探讨了容须卡穹隆的地质特征及构造演化。该穹隆中心发育无根或肠状褶皱,及“S”型、“Z”型褶皱和“A”型平卧褶皱; 穹隆外围发育叠加褶皱,反映造山带早期SN向和EW向收缩挤压。该穹隆主要经历了晚三叠世(印支末期)SN向与EW向的“双向挤压”作用; 成穹期岩浆向上侵位时限为(214.4±1.2) Ma; 成穹后经历了挤压推覆和应力松弛阶段; 早中新世(17~10 Ma),由于青藏高原东南缘快速抬升,松潘—甘孜造山带发育NW-SE向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂,使容须卡地区形成一系列NNW向韧脆性和脆性破碎带。     

RESPONSE OF TRIASSIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER YANGTZE TO THE COLLISION BETWEEN THE YANGTZE PLATE AND THE NORTH CHINA PLATE

The characteristics of the Triassic sequences developed in the Lower Yangtze area display some great changes in both environment and climate. The change of environment was a transition from marine to continent via alternating environments. The change of climate was a transition from tropic （torrid） to warm and wet climate via subtropic dry climate. The type variations of the sequences were from the marine sequences to the continental sequences, corresponding to the changes of environments and climates. Sequence 1 is a type II of sequence of mixed elastic and carbonate sediments; sequence 2 is a type I of sequence of carbonate platform; sequence 3 is a type I of sequence of carbonate tidal flat-salt lagoon, sequence 4 is a type iI of sequence of lacustrine within marine layers, and sequence 5 is a sequence of lacustrine-swamp. The development, distribution and preservation of those sequences reveal the tectonic controls and their changes in the background. The collision between the Yangtze plate and the North China plate was a great geological event in the geological history, but the timing of the collision is still disputed. However, the characteristics of Triassic sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes in the Lower Yangtze area responded to this collision. The collision started at the beginning of middle Triassic and the great regression in the Lower Yangtze area started 22Ma earlier than those in the world. The tectonic conditions occurred before and during the collision controlled the development of sequences and type changes.     

Geological structure revelation based on geochemical anomalies: A case study in Huiyuan Temple area of Sichuan Province

In order to probe the characters of tectonic structures in the study area, the authors conducted the 1:50 000 regional geochemical profile scan and took Huiyuan Temple area in Daofu County of Sichuan Province as a case study. The anomaly distribution and background value characters of the typical elements were compared with the known inferred faults, hidden rocks and geological boundaries. The results show that element (or anomaly) distribution characters correspond to the characters of fault activities, rocks and strata, which have been largely affected by the known geological structure (Xianshuihe Fault Zone). The formation and change of geochemical anomaly is closely related to those tectonic structures during the metallogenic period. Therefore, these data could be used to invert and infer the tectonic activity charaters. Based on the known faults and combined with the geochemical data and geological observation, the authors preliminarily inferred the spatial distribution of geological bodies and the locations of tectonic boundaries, and identified six inferred faults. This research aims to infer about those unknown regions and concealed geological structures, which provides some reference for future geological prospecting.     

半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应——以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区是在快速城市化进程中产生的一种过渡地域类型, 其土地利用特征表现为土地利用竞争和矛盾剧烈, 土地利用变化迅速的特征。土地利用/覆被的变化改变生态系统的结构与功能, 是对生态系统服务产生胁迫的主要驱动力之一。本文以厦门市集美半城市化地区为例, 分析半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应, 基于对2007 年中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量修正的方法, 对半城市化地区生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化作出评估, 并通过土地系统和生态系统二者的耦合变化关系探讨生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应过程。结果表明:①近20 年来, 集美半城市化地区生态系统服务价值总量随着土地利用强度增加呈现波动性变化, 总体上呈现负相关关系。②调节服务和文化服务是最主要的生态系统服务类型;土地利用强度与调节服务和支持服务呈现显著的负相关关系。③随着半城市化地区的快速城市化发展, 土地利用类型急剧转化, 城市建设用地大量增加, 预计集美半城市化地区未来ESV将继续降低, 可采取生态综合整治措施减缓ESV降低趋势。