2023年中国气候异常特征及主要天气气候事件

2023年,我国气候主要表现为暖干的特征,全国平均气温10.71℃,较1991—2020年气候平均偏高0.82℃,为1951年以来最暖;全国平均降水量615.0 mm,较常年偏少3.9%,为2012年以来第二少。四季气温均较常年同期偏高,其中夏、秋季分别为历史同期次高和最高;除秋季降水偏多外,其余三季降水均偏少。汛期(5—9月),全国平均降水量较常年同期偏少4.3%,为2012年以来第二少,我国中东部降水总体呈“中间多南北少”的分布。2023年,我国区域性气象干旱多发,西南地区遭遇冬春连旱;春季北方沙尘天气过程偏多;夏季前期,华北和黄淮遭受1961年以来最强高温过程;7月底至8月初,受台风杜苏芮影响,京津冀地区发生历史罕见极端强降水过程,华北地区出现“旱涝急转”;华西秋雨开始早、结束晚、雨量多;1月中旬发生年内最强寒潮过程;秋末冬初冷空气频繁入侵,12月华北和黄淮等地降雪日数偏多、积雪偏深。     

2015年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2015年,全国平均气温较常年偏高0.9℃,为1961年以来最高值,华南年平均气温为历史最高,东北、华北和西北为次高值;四季气温均偏高。全国平均降水量648.8 mm,较常年偏多3%;长江中下游大部及广西、新疆等地降水量偏多,西南西部及海南、辽宁等地降水偏少;冬、夏季降水偏少,春季接近常年同期,秋季偏多明显。2015年,南方暴雨过程多,夏季出现南涝北旱,上海、南京等多个城市内涝重;华北、西北东部及辽宁夏秋连旱影响较重;11月江南、华南出现强降雨,秋汛明显;盛夏,新疆出现持续高温天气,但长江中下游地区连续两年出现凉夏;登陆台风偏少,但登陆台风强度强,"彩虹"致灾重。2015年,我国共出现11次大范围、持续性霾过程,11-12月我国中东部雾-霾持续时间长、范围广、污染程度重,11月27日至12月1日华北、黄淮等地的雾-霾天气过程为2015年最严重的一次。     

State of China's climate in 2021

This report is a summary of China's climate, as well as major weather and climate events, during 2021. In 2021, the mean temperature in China was 10.5°C, which was 1.0°C above normal (1981–2010 average) and broke the highest record since 1951. The annual rainfall in China was 672.1 mm, which was 6.7% above normal. Also, the annual rainfall in northern China was 40.2% above normal, which ranked second highest since 1961. The rainstorm intensity in the rainy season was strong and featured significant extremes, and disasters caused by rainstorms and flooding were more serious than the average in the past decade. In particular, the extremely strong rainstorm in Henan during July and autumn caused flooding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with severe consequences. Heatwaves occurred more frequently than normal, and their durations in southern China were longer than normal in summer and autumn. Phased drought was obvious, and caused serious impacts in South China. The number of generated and landfalling typhoons was lower than normal; however, Typhoon In-fa broke the record for the longest overland duration, held since 1949, and affected a wide area. Severe convective weather and extreme windy weather occurred frequently, causing serious impacts. The number of cold waves was more than normal, which caused wide-ranging extremely low temperatures in many places. Sandstorms appeared earlier than normal in 2021, and the number of strong dust storm processes was more than normal.摘要2021年, 中国气候暖湿特征明显, 全国平均气温10.5℃, 较常年偏高1.0℃, 创下了1951年以来最高纪录; 全国平均降水量672.1毫米, 比常年偏多6.7%, 其中北方地区平均降水量较常年偏多40.2%, 为1961年以来第二多. 汛期暴雨过程强度大, 极端性显著, 河南特大暴雨灾害影响重, 黄河中下游流域秋汛明显; 高温过程多, 夏秋南方高温持续时间长; 区域性, 阶段性气象干旱明显, 华南干旱影响较重; 台风生成和登陆均偏少, “烟花”陆地滞留时间长, 影响范围广; 强对流天气强发, 极端大风频发, 局地致灾重; 寒潮过程多, 强度大, 极端低温频现; 沙尘天气出现早, 强沙尘暴过程多.     

台风圣帕降雨强度大滇陕川鲁雨涝灾害重——2007年8月——

8月，全国平均气温为21．5℃，比常年同期偏高1．1℃；是1951年以来历史同期次高值；北京、青海、西藏、甘肃、内蒙古为历史同期次高值。全国平均降水量为110．0mm，较常年同期（103．3mm）略偏多；福建、山东降水量为历史同期第三多。8月，西北太平洋和南海海域共有5个台风或热带风暴生成，生成个数较常年同期（5．6个）略偏少；其中有3个登陆，     

氯化物水型盐碱池塘浮游植物叶绿素a的研究

于 1997年 4月至 1998年 9月对山东省高青赵店渔场 ( 37°17′N,117°55′E)的盐碱池塘叶绿素进行了调查研究 .结果表明 ,盐碱池塘叶绿素总量平均为 115.12μg· L-1,叶绿素 a平均含量为 73.90μg· L-1,占叶绿素总量的 61.76% ,叶绿素 b和叶绿素 c分别占总量的 12 .97%和2 5.2 7% .叶绿素 a含量的季节变动较大 ,有明显盛夏和初秋高峰期 .无鱼对照池的叶绿素 a比养鱼池塘低得多 .叶绿素 a的昼夜变化与垂直分布变化较大 ,但不遵循同一模式 .盐碱池塘叶绿素 a含量与浮游植物生物量、水温、总氮、总磷和硅酸盐显著正相关 ,与透明度显著负相关 ,而与盐度、碱度、p H、硬度、电导率均无规律性联系     

大兴安岭北段小柯勒河花岗斑岩脉成因及地质意义:锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素制约

为了探讨大兴安岭北段小柯勒河花岗斑岩脉的岩石成因、构造背景及地质意义,本文对其进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学与Hf同位素的研究。岩石地球化学结果显示：花岗斑岩富硅（w（SiO₂）为69.85%~70.48%）、富碱（w（Na₂O+K₂O）为9.74%~9.89%）,贫镁（w（MgO）为0.34%~0.40%）、贫钙（w（CaO）为1.04%~1.20%）,A/CNK为0.98~1.02,属于准铝质-弱过铝质系列岩石;具有轻稀土元素富集和重稀土元素亏损的特征,中等Eu负异常,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和高场强元素Th、U、Hf、Zr,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P。花岗斑岩中的10⁴Ga/Al值为2.32~3.68,分异指数I_D为87.63~89.01。综合分析认为小柯勒河花岗斑岩属于分异的I型花岗岩。花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为（124.0±0.6）Ma,属于早白垩世晚期。锆石ε_Hf（t）值为0.5~3.3,二阶段Hf同位素模式年龄T_DM2为1 150~970 Ma。结合岩石地球化学特征分析认为花岗斑岩源岩为由亏损地幔衍生的中-新元古代新增生地壳部分熔融的产物,并有少量古老地壳物质的加入。该花岗斑岩形成于早白垩世晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合背景下的伸展环境,此时太平洋板块持续向欧亚大陆俯冲,但对本区影响有限。     

渭河汉江流域秋雨成灾台风龙王造成福建严重损失——2005年10月——

10月份,全国平均降水量为33·2mm,比常年同期(37·4mm)偏少4·2mm。西北地区东南部和黄淮等地出现大面积秋雨天气,陕西、湖北遭受严重洪涝灾害;内蒙古、黑龙江和南方的部分地区旱情持续或发展。全国平均气温为10·4℃,比常年同期(9·6℃)偏高0·8℃,为1951年以来同期第三高值。全国大部地区月日照时数接近常年同期。本月,台风“龙王”在我国登陆,给福建省造成严重损失;江苏、江西、京津等地出现大雾,给交通造成较大影响。1西北地区东南部和黄淮等地出现大面积秋雨天气,陕西、湖北遭受严重洪涝灾害9月下旬至10月上旬,西北地区东南部和黄淮等…     

Improving evapotranspiration estimation models through quantitative watershed parameter analysis and remote sensing applications

Numerous models had been developed to predict the annual evapotranspiration (ET) in vegetated lands across various spatial scales. Fu's (Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 5, 23–31) and Zhang's (Water Resources Research, 37, 701–708) ET simulation models have emerged as highly effective and have been widely used. However, both formulas have the non-quantitative parameters (m in Fu's model and w in Zhang's model). Based on the collected 1789 samples from global long-term hydrological studies, this study discovered significant relations between m (or w) and vegetation coverage or greenness in collected catchments. Then, we used these relations to qualify the parameters in both Zhang's and Fu's models. Results show that the ET estimation accuracies of Fu's (or Zhang's) model are significantly improved by about 13.49 mm (or 6.74 mm) for grassland and cropland, 38.52 mm (or 29.84 mm) for forest and shrub land (coverage<40%), 19.74 mm (or 16.17 mm) for mixed land (coverage<40%), respectively. However, Zhang's model shows higher errors compared with Fu's model, especially in regions with high m (or w) values, such as those with dense vegetations or P/E₀ (annual precipitation to annual potential ET) smaller than 1.0. Additionally, this study also reveals that for regions with vegetation cover less than 40%, the annual ET is not only determined by vegetation types, but also relates to the sizes of vegetation-covered areas. Conversely, for regions with vegetation cover more than 40%, the annual ET is mainly determined by the vegetation density rather than vegetation types or vegetation coverage. Thus, linking m (or w) parameters with vegetation greenness allows leveraging remote sensing for forest management in data-scarce areas, safeguarding regional water resources. This study pioneers integrating vegetation-related indices with basin parameters, advocating for their crucial role in more effective hydrological modelling.     

基于H/α分解原理的古河道信息提取——以松嫩平原西部地区为例

古河道对于重现古气候、古生态环境变化有着重要的意义。极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）数据以散射矩阵的形式记录了地物的后向散射信息,能有效地识别隐伏的古河道信息。本文以古河道发育的松嫩平原西部作为研究区域,选取Sentinel-1双极化数据（VV-VH）作为数据源,通过VV-VH双极化模式下的H/α分解处理,构建了由散射熵H与散射角α构成的二维H/α平面。依据雷达波在古河道充填沉积物中发生体散射以及在古河床底界面发生二次散射,并且体散射功率大于二次散射功率,确定了古河道散射类型属于H/α平面上的高熵多次散射。结合此特征与Sentinel-2影像,最终对研究区内的古河道信息进行了提取。研究表明,通过VV-VH双极化模式下的H/α分解方式可以提取到在Sentinel-2影像上无明显特征的古河道信息。     

竖向变刚度约束砌体结构抗震能力研究

汶川8.0级特大地震发生时,前山断裂从彭州市白鹿中学两栋教学楼中间穿过,断层距离两栋教学楼仅数米,造成前楼严重破坏,破坏现象非常典型。该结构为外廊式单跨约束砌体结构教学楼,抗震设防烈度为7度,承重墙体的构造特点有别于当地的普通砌体结构,本文采用现场测试、震害考察和弹塑性地震反应计算分析等手段对该结构的抗震性能进行了详细的研究,旨在揭示具有这类构造形式的砌体结构在不同烈度影响场下的破坏特点和抗震能力,为指导今后砌体结构的设计和抗震规范的修改提供参考。