塔里木西南早第三纪古地磁和地壳缩短

属于帕米尔弧山前带的乌帕尔剖面和属于南天山山前带的巴对布拉克剖面，现今的纬度差为０．５６°，但是下第三系古地磁测定结果表明其古纬度差很大．乌帕尔剖面齐姆根组上部的古纬度为８°Ｎ，而巴什布拉克剖面巴什布拉克组第５段的古纬度为３６．１°Ｎ。若考虑到当时板块的相对运移速度，估计始新世早期巴什布拉克地区的古纬度大致为３１°Ｎ，与当时乌帕尔所处位置的纬差达２３°。又根据Ｋｌｏｏｔｗｉｊｋ测得的帕米尔西北缘利什坦层的古纬度值，在始新世末期．包括乌帕尔在内的帕米尔前缘与以巴什布拉区为代表的南天山山前带之间还有至少１０°的纬度差。古地磁资料表明，始新世早期，塔里木海宽达２０００ｋｍ，此时印度板块西北端已与欧亚板块局部碰撞，至始新世末，印度板块向北推进２０°，帕米尔弧前缘与南天山山前的距离缩短到约１０００ｋｍ，原塔里木海的两侧上升为山前平原。     

露头剖面层序中的海平面变化研究

在以往的沉积研究中，常常用露头剖面中的相对水深变化来讨论海平面的变化规律，本文通过对塔里木盆地北部寒武纪反映相对海平面变化的上超点变化曲线与肖尔布拉克地区寒武系露头剖面中相对水深变化曲线的对比研究发现，上超点变化曲线与相对水深变化曲线具有明显的差异，前者在寒武纪呈持续上升趋势，而后者除早期有一快速上升外，总体呈持续下降趋势，这说明相对水深变化虽与海平面变化存在着本质的联系，但单凭露头剖面中相对水深     

华南（东）变质基底特征、古构造型式及铀、金矿化远景

华南（东）变质基底由杨子及华夏两块不同特征的地质体组成，中元古代之后，该地区分别经过了碰撞对接、拉开、再拼贴的演化过程。碰撞对接带和在古裂谷系基础上成型的陆内推覆及平移、剪切型拼贴带构成了本区基底构造主要型式。铀及金矿远景与基底特征关系密切，铀矿主要产于基底裂隆带部位，金则主要产于裂凹（裂陷）带部位。古基底构造交叉部位是中新生代构造活动活跃部位，受其控制的早期横向火山裂谷盆地，在晚期拉张条件下形成的岩浆杂岩带是铀、金、多金属成矿最佳远景区。     

Hydrous pyrolysis of a Type III source: fractionation effects during primary migration in natural and artificially matured samples

A core from the Cambay Shale Formation of the Cambay Basin, containing immature Type III organic matter, was pyrolysed at 300°C for different durations of time to different maturation levels. Fractionation effects were studied employing a three-step extraction technique after removal of the expelled pyrolysate. The extractable organic matter (EOM) obtained on extraction of the whole core is assumed to be that present in open pores, while that obtained on finely crushing the sample is assumed to be that present in closed pores. The EOM obtained from 1 cm chips is termed EOM from semi-open pores. The gross composition of the pyrolysates expelled during pyrolysis is not similar to the oils reservoired in the area, and there is no significant fractionation observed between expelled pyrolysates and unexpelled EOM. Our study indicates movement of fluids between closed, semi-open and open pores. In both systems, there is a higher concentration of EOM in open pores than in semi-open and closed pores, and the fraction of EOM in open pores is much greater in the artificial system than in the natural system. Fractionation effects on n-alkane and isoprenoid hydrocarbon-based parameters were also studied. n-Alkenes are present in semi-open and closed pores of the immature core and in the core after it was pyrolysed to 300°C for 6 and 48 h, but are absent in the open pores. n-Alkenes are present in closed pores in the naturally matured core. Presence of n-alkenes in the pyrolysates expelled during the 6 and 48 h experiments, but their absence in the open pores of the core, indicates that expulsion also occurs through temporary microfractures during laboratory pyrolysis, whereas in the natural system expulsion from closed pores seems to be only via semi-open and open pores.     

Surface chemical analysis in coal preparation research: complementary information from XPS and ToF-SIMS

The application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to coal surface characterisation for preparation research is described. Progress towards the acquisition of complementary surface chemical information by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is also discussed. Surface-based beneficiation techniques such as flotation are assuming greater importance as the proportion of fines in raw coal increases due to the proliferation of high capacity mining methods. A necessary condition for the floatability of a coal particle is adequate hydrophobicity, and the degree of hydrophobicity of the flotation concentrate is one factor influencing the ease with which its dewatering can be affected. The hydrophobicity of a coal is very difficult to measure directly because of microporosity, and it is often necessary to deduce the degree of hydrophobicity from a knowledge of the surface chemistry. XPS is able to provide sufficient analytical data to allow relative levels of hydrophobicity to be estimated. In principle, ToF-SIMS should be able to supply additional information enabling refinement of such estimates; however, there are insufficient data at present to allow the ionic fragments detected to be related to specific functional groups at the coal surface.     

Benchmarking the thermomechanical behaviour of clays — a progress report — the CEC interclay project

In 1989 a small-scale exercise conducted by the CEC as part of its research programme into the underground storage of radioactive waste highlighted the difficulty of making accurate predictions a priori, of the geomechanical behaviour of clay. Given source data about the Boom clay from the underground research facility at Mol, three organisations independently performed f.e. analyses of two somewhat hypothetical problems. While the results were very broadly in agreement, they were shown to be sensitive to both the type of constitutive model used and the way data was fitted to the model.

Subsequently, the CEC sponsored a more comprehensive benchmark exercise called INTERCLAY II. This involves eleven organisations from various member states of the EC in a project encompassing the three aspects of software development for predictive modelling: verification, validation on the laboratory scale and the treatment of in-situ tests. The paper briefly describes the exercise currently in progress and presents the main results achieved to date concentrating on validation aspects.     

Effects of temperature on strength and compressibility of sand-bentonite buffer

Dense sand-bentonite buffer (γ_d = 1.67Mg/m³) has been proposed in Canada as one of several barriers for isolating nuclear fuel waste. The buffer will be required to function under conditions of high total pressures and elevated temperatures approaching 100°C. Summary results are presented from two test programs: (1) isothermal consolidated undrained triaxial (CIU¯) tests; and (2) isothermal drained constant-p′ (CID) triaxial tests. Specimens were consolidated at effective stresses up to 9.0 MPa and temperatures up to 100°C.

The results indicate parallel hardening lines at systematically lower values of specific volume at elevated temperatures. In shear, increased temperatures produced lower values of maximum deviator stressq_f, and higher pore water pressure changesΔu_f. The net result is curved peak strength envelops in plots ofq_f versusp_f′ that are higher at elevated temperatures, even though the strengths,q_f of individual specimens are lower. The critical state strength envelope is curved inq, p′-planes.

The effect of drained heating on buffer to 100°C is not marked. Compressibilities, stiffnesses, strengths, and pore water pressure generation are all affected, but none of the changes are great.