Eigen analysis of tree-ring records: Part 1, a limited representativeness of regional curve

Based on a set of very long-living (2,000?years) Qilian junipers (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) from the north-eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau (the region of Dulan), we carefully consider the regional curve standardization (RCS) technique. For this goal, we correlate deviations of individual tree-ring width records from their regional mean age-dependent curve (RC). It turns out that these correlations keep their positivity for almost all shifts between ages compared (up to 500?years and even more) evidencing each Dulan juniper to be a unique ??thermometer??. Just the unification of these ??thermometers?? in the form RC creates a spurious positive trend in the Dulan chronology. We modify the RCS technique to closer attach RC to these ??thermometers?? in order to construct a new chronology in which the trend is absent.     

Real Data Assimilation Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) System for a Global Non-hydrostatic NWP model on the Cubed-sphere

An ensemble data assimilation system using the 4-dimensional Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter is implemented to a global non-hydrostatic Numerical Weather Prediction model on the cubed-sphere. The ensemble data assimilation system is coupled to the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems Package for Observation Processing, for real observation data from diverse resources, including satellites. For computational efficiency in a parallel computing environment, we employ some advanced software engineering techniques in the handling of a large number of files. The ensemble data assimilation system is tested in a semi-operational mode, and its performance is verified using the Integrated Forecast System analysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. It is found that the system can be stabilized effectively by additive inflation to account for sampling errors, especially when radiance satellite data are additionally used.     

AMSR2辐射率资料同化对台风“山神”分析和预报的影响研究

在WRFDA-3DVar（Weather Research and Forecasting model's 3-dimensional variational data assimilation）的框架下,添加了新的探测器AMSR2（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2）微波辐射率资料的同化模块,实现了AMSR2辐射率资料在中小尺度同化系统中的有效使用。台风"山神"（Son-Tinh）直接同化AMSR2资料的个例试验结果表明,AMSR2资料可以很好的探测出台风的形态,并且与没有同化该资料的控制试验相比,同化AMSR2辐射率资料可以有效提高模式分析场的质量,进一步提高了台风中心气压,最大风速和台风路径的预报。     

黑龙江省湿地资源遥感信息解译分析

按黑龙江省湿地分类标准，应用资源卫星遥感技术，建立湿地资源解译标准，判别分析全省湿地资源现状与区域分布。     

东亚夏季风北界与我国夏季降水关系的研究

为了研究东亚夏季风北界与我国东部夏季降水异常的关系,本文利用夏季850 hPa上20°N以北105°~125°E之间平均南风风速2 m/s所在的纬度,定义了一个新的东亚夏季风北界指数。初步分析表明:东亚夏季风北界在1976年之前(含1976年)位置偏北,而1976年之后位置偏南,具有明显的年代际变化,较好地反映了我国东部夏季降水异常分布型的变化。对应于东亚夏季风北界的异常,东亚夏季风强度、西北太平洋副热带高压位置与面积、亚洲大陆热低压等也发生了相应的变化,它们之间的关系如下:东亚夏季风北界位置偏北(南)时,对流层低层亚洲大陆热低压偏强(弱),东亚夏季风偏强(弱),西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏北(南)、面积偏小(大),南亚高压偏弱(强),长江中下游地区气流以下沉(上升)为主,降水偏少(多);华北地区气流以上升(下沉)为主,降水偏多(少)。     

Real-time multi-model decadal climate predictions

We present the first climate prediction of the coming decade made with multiple models, initialized with prior observations. This prediction accrues from an international activity to exchange decadal predictions in near real-time, in order to assess differences and similarities, provide a consensus view to prevent over-confidence in forecasts from any single model, and establish current collective capability. We stress that the forecast is experimental, since the skill of the multi-model system is as yet unknown. Nevertheless, the forecast systems used here are based on models that have undergone rigorous evaluation and individually have been evaluated for forecast skill. Moreover, it is important to publish forecasts to enable open evaluation, and to provide a focus on climate change in the coming decade. Initialized forecasts of the year 2011 agree well with observations, with a pattern correlation of 0.62 compared to 0.31 for uninitialized projections. In particular, the forecast correctly predicted La Niña in the Pacific, and warm conditions in the north Atlantic and USA. A similar pattern is predicted for 2012 but with a weaker La Niña. Indices of Atlantic multi-decadal variability and Pacific decadal variability show no signal beyond climatology after 2015, while temperature in the Niño3 region is predicted to warm slightly by about 0.5 °C over the coming decade. However, uncertainties are large for individual years and initialization has little impact beyond the first 4 years in most regions. Relative to uninitialized forecasts, initialized forecasts are significantly warmer in the north Atlantic sub-polar gyre and cooler in the north Pacific throughout the decade. They are also significantly cooler in the global average and over most land and ocean regions out to several years ahead. However, in the absence of volcanic eruptions, global temperature is predicted to continue to rise, with each year from 2013 onwards having a 50 % chance of exceeding the current observed record. Verification of these forecasts will provide an important opportunity to test the performance of models and our understanding and knowledge of the drivers of climate change.     

锡林郭勒盟冬季降水分布特征及成因分析

利用气候相似性原理,按照天气系统影响划分气候区,分析锡林郭勒盟冬季降水分布特征及其成因。冬季降水分布特点与其他季节有所不同,西南部和东部各有一大值区,其原因主要是受河套气旋(倒槽)和蒙古冷涡影响造成,山地小气候也起到重要作用。西部地区70年代降水最多,其他地区降水最多的时期是在90年代,2000年以来降水有所减少,异常偏多或偏少的年份多集中于某个时期,具有一定的周期性。     

天津市北辰区设施农业温光气候资源变化分析

利用北辰区气象站近40 a(1971-2010年)冬季的气象观测资料,对影响设施农业生产的温光气候资源和主要气象灾害变化进行了分析.结果认为:温度资源变化利于设施农业生产,光照资源的变化则与之相反,低温、连阴天等农业气象灾害对设施农业的影响加剧,尤以中度和重度灾害的发生明显,北辰区的这一变化对研究我国北方大城市郊区设施农业生产的气候资源变化具有借鉴意义.     

Statistical decadal predictions for sea surface temperatures: a benchmark for dynamical GCM predictions

Accurate decadal climate predictions could be used to inform adaptation actions to a changing climate. The skill of such predictions from initialised dynamical global climate models (GCMs) may be assessed by comparing with predictions from statistical models which are based solely on historical observations. This paper presents two benchmark statistical models for predicting both the radiatively forced trend and internal variability of annual mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on a decadal timescale based on the gridded observation data set HadISST. For both statistical models, the trend related to radiative forcing is modelled using a linear regression of SST time series at each grid box on the time series of equivalent global mean atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The residual internal variability is then modelled by (1) a first-order autoregressive model (AR1) and (2) a constructed analogue model (CA). From the verification of 46 retrospective forecasts with start years from 1960 to 2005, the correlation coefficient for anomaly forecasts using trend with AR1 is greater than 0.7 over parts of extra-tropical North Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. This is primarily related to the prediction of the forced trend. More importantly, both CA and AR1 give skillful predictions of the internal variability of SSTs in the subpolar gyre region over the far North Atlantic for lead time of 2–5 years, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.5. For the subpolar gyre and parts of the South Atlantic, CA is superior to AR1 for lead time of 6–9 years. These statistical forecasts are also compared with ensemble mean retrospective forecasts by DePreSys, an initialised GCM. DePreSys is found to outperform the statistical models over large parts of North Atlantic for lead times of 2–5 years and 6–9 years, however trend with AR1 is generally superior to DePreSys in the North Atlantic Current region, while trend with CA is superior to DePreSys in parts of South Atlantic for lead time of 6–9 years. These findings encourage further development of benchmark statistical decadal prediction models, and methods to combine different predictions.     

格网DEM地形模拟的形态保真度研究

分析了现有格网DEM地形模拟的失真现象,研究DEM地形模拟失真的根源。提出了DEM地形形态保真度的概念,探讨了建设高保真DEM必须解决的问题。