全文获取类型
收费全文 | 972篇 |
免费 | 31篇 |
国内免费 | 29篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 34篇 |
大气科学 | 158篇 |
地球物理 | 193篇 |
地质学 | 251篇 |
海洋学 | 257篇 |
天文学 | 65篇 |
综合类 | 17篇 |
自然地理 | 57篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 18篇 |
2019年 | 25篇 |
2018年 | 37篇 |
2017年 | 44篇 |
2016年 | 74篇 |
2015年 | 37篇 |
2014年 | 60篇 |
2013年 | 85篇 |
2012年 | 62篇 |
2011年 | 49篇 |
2010年 | 56篇 |
2009年 | 48篇 |
2008年 | 48篇 |
2007年 | 40篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 41篇 |
2004年 | 30篇 |
2003年 | 22篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 19篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1032条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
The purpose of this study is to develop a technique to discriminate artificial explosions from local small earthquakes ( M ≤ 4.0) in the time–frequency domain. In order to obtain spectral features of artificial explosions and earthquakes, 3-D spectrograms (frequency, time and amplitude) have been used. They represent a useful tool for studying the frequency content of entire seismic waveforms observed at local and regional distances (Kim, Simpson & Richards 1994). P and S(L g ) waves from quarry blasts show that the frequency content associated with the dominant amplitude appears above 10 Hz and Rg phases are observed at close distances. P and S(L g ) waves from the Tongosan earthquake have strong amplitudes below 10 Hz. For the Munkyong earthquake, however, a broader frequency content up to 20 Hz is found.
For discrimination between small earthquakes and explosions, Pg/L g spectral ratios are used below 10 Hz, and through spectrogram analysis we can see different frequency contents of explosions and earthquakes. Unfortunately, because explosion data recorded at KSRS array are digitized at 20 sps, we cannot avoid analysing below 10 Hz because of the Nyquist frequency. In order to select time windows, the group velocity was computed using multiple-filter analysis (MFA), and free-surface effects have been removed from all three-component data in order to improve data quality. Using FFT, a log-average spectral amplitude is calculated over seven frequency bands: 0.5 to 3, 2 to 4, 3 to 5, 4 to 6, 5 to 7, 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 Hz. The best separation between explosions and earthquakes is observed from 6 to 8 Hz. In this frequency band we can separate explosions with log ( Pg/L g ) above −0.5, except EXP1 recorded at SIHY1-1, and earthquakes below −0.5, except the Munkyong earthquake record at station KMH. 相似文献
For discrimination between small earthquakes and explosions, Pg/L g spectral ratios are used below 10 Hz, and through spectrogram analysis we can see different frequency contents of explosions and earthquakes. Unfortunately, because explosion data recorded at KSRS array are digitized at 20 sps, we cannot avoid analysing below 10 Hz because of the Nyquist frequency. In order to select time windows, the group velocity was computed using multiple-filter analysis (MFA), and free-surface effects have been removed from all three-component data in order to improve data quality. Using FFT, a log-average spectral amplitude is calculated over seven frequency bands: 0.5 to 3, 2 to 4, 3 to 5, 4 to 6, 5 to 7, 6 to 8 and 8 to 10 Hz. The best separation between explosions and earthquakes is observed from 6 to 8 Hz. In this frequency band we can separate explosions with log ( Pg/L g ) above −0.5, except EXP1 recorded at SIHY1-1, and earthquakes below −0.5, except the Munkyong earthquake record at station KMH. 相似文献
82.
83.
Geotechnical engineering problems are characterized by many sources of uncertainty. Some of these sources are connected to the uncertainties of soil properties involved in the analysis. In this paper, a numerical procedure for a probabilistic analysis that considers the spatial variability of cross‐correlated soil properties is presented and applied to study the bearing capacity of spatially random soil with different autocorrelation distances in the vertical and horizontal directions. The approach integrates a commercial finite difference method and random field theory into the framework of a probabilistic analysis. Two‐dimensional cross‐correlated non‐Gaussian random fields are generated based on a Karhunen–Loève expansion in a manner consistent with a specified marginal distribution function, an autocorrelation function, and cross‐correlation coefficients. A Monte Carlo simulation is then used to determine the statistical response based on the random fields. A series of analyses was performed to study the effects of uncertainty due to the spatial heterogeneity on the bearing capacity of a rough strip footing. The simulations provide insight into the application of uncertainty treatment to geotechnical problems and show the importance of the spatial variability of soil properties with regard to the outcome of a probabilistic assessment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
84.
85.
In this study, 36 fish species were collected from three coastal cities in Korea to investigate levels and patterns of six arsenicals (arsenite: As (III), arsenate: As (V), arsenocholine: AsC, arsenobetaine: AsB, monomethylarsonic acid: MMA, and dimethylarsinic acid: DMA). The levels of ∑6 As in the different fish species varied substantially, ranging from 0.02 μg As/g ww (Islaeli carp) to 9.65 μg As/g ww (Skate ray) with a median of 0.40 μg As/g ww. All the arsenicals in marine fishes showed higher levels than those in freshwater fishes due to fish feed living in saline water. Overall, marine carnivorous fishes seem to be more contaminated with arsenic. For all the fish samples, AsB (mean fraction: 90.6%) was dominant among the six arsenicals, indicating biomethylation of inorganic arsenic and accumulation of AsB. Fish species with high water contents showed elevated levels of As (III), but there was no further significant correlations between arsenicals and water/lipid contents. Concentrations of As (V) were significantly lower than those of As (III), which implies that As (V) is reduced during biomethylation of inorganic arsenic. Consequently, we hypothesize that the toxicity of arsenic (mainly derived from As (III)) can be increased by the reduction of As (V), especially for the fish species with higher water contents. 相似文献
86.
Jeong-Eun Lee Sung-Hwa Jung Hong-Mok Park Soohyun Kwon Pay-Liam Lin GyuWon Lee 《大气科学进展》2015,32(9):1277-1290
Fall velocity-diameter relationships for four different snowflake types (dendrite, plate, needle, and graupel) were investigated in northeastern South Korea, and a new algorithm for classifying hydrometeors is proposed for distrometric measurements based on the new relationships. Falling ice crystals (approximately 40 000 particles) were measured with a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) during a winter experiment from 15 January to 9 April 2010. The fall velocity-diameter relationships were derived for the four types of snowflakes based on manual classification by experts using snow photos and 2DVD measurements: the coefficients (exponents) for different snowflake types were 0.82 (0.24) for dendrite, 0.74 (0.35) for plate, 1.03 (0.71) for needle, and 1.30 (0.94) for graupel, respectively. These new relationships established in the present study (PS) were compared with those from two previous studies. Hydrometeor types were classified with the derived fall velocity-diameter relationships, and the classification algorithm was evaluated using 3× 3 contingency tables for one rain-snow transition event and three snowfall events. The algorithm showed good performance for the transition event: the critical success indices (CSIs) were 0.89, 0.61 and 0.71 for snow, wet-snow and rain, respectively. For snow events, the algorithm performance for dendrite and plate (CSIs = 1.0 and 1.0, respectively) was better than for needle and graupel (CSIs = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively). 相似文献
87.
Hotaek Park Alexander N. Fedorov Mikhail N. Zheleznyak Pavel Y. Konstantinov John E. Walsh 《Climate Dynamics》2015,44(9-10):2873-2895
This study quantitatively evaluated how insulation by snow depth (SND) affected the soil thermal regime and permafrost degradation in the pan-Arctic area, and more generally defined the characteristics of soil temperature (TSOIL) and SND from 1901 to 2009. This was achieved through experiments performed with the land surface model CHANGE to assess sensitivity to winter precipitation as well as air temperature. Simulated TSOIL, active layer thickness (ALT), SND, and snow density were generally comparable with in situ or satellite observations at large scales and over long periods. Northernmost regions had snow that remained relatively stable and in a thicker state during the past four decades, generating greater increases in TSOIL. Changes in snow cover have led to changes in the thermal state of the underlying soil, which is strongly dependent on both the magnitude and the timing of changes in snowfall. Simulations of the period 2001–2009 revealed significant differences in the extent of near-surface permafrost, reflecting differences in the model’s treatment of meteorology and the soil bottom boundary. Permafrost loss was greater when SND increased in autumn rather than in winter, due to insulation of the soil resulting from early cooling. Simulations revealed that TSOIL tended to increase over most of the pan-Arctic from 1901 to 2009, and that this increase was significant in northern regions, especially in northeastern Siberia where SND is responsible for 50 % or more of the changes in TSOIL at a depth of 3.6 m. In the same region, ALT also increased at a rate of approximately 2.3 cm per decade. The most sensitive response of ALT to changes in SND appeared in the southern boundary regions of permafrost, in contrast to permafrost temperatures within the 60°N–80°N region, which were more sensitive to changes in snow cover. Finally, our model suggests that snow cover contributes to the warming of permafrost in northern regions and could play a more important role under conditions of future Arctic warming. 相似文献
88.
We note that different models, providing comparably good interpretation of the hard X-ray properties of so-called Masuda sources,
can make distinctly different predictions for the radio emission produced at the Masuda source by the same population of accelerated
electrons. Accordingly, we calculate the radio emission within a few competing models, i.e., those involving magnetic, turbulent, and collisional trapping of the fast electrons in the coronal source. We show that
even available incomplete radio observations of the classical Masuda event and a Masuda-like event on 31 December 2007, recently
reported by Krucker et al. (Astrophys. J.
714, 1108, 2010) are highly valuable in restricting the physical model of the source. Furthermore, our study proposes that combination of
more complete high-resolution X-ray and radio observations can allow unambiguous distinction between the competing Masuda
source models. 相似文献
89.
Aerobic oxidation of mackinawite (FeS) and its environmental implication for arsenic mobilization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oxidation of mackinawite (FeS) and concurrent mobilization of arsenic were investigated as a function of pH under oxidizing conditions. At acidic pH, FeS oxidation is mainly initiated by the proton-promoted dissolution, which results in the release of Fe(II) and sulfide in the solution. While most of dissolved sulfide is volatilized before being oxidized, dissolved Fe(II) is oxidized into green rust-like precipitates and goethite (α-FeOOH). At basic pH, the development of Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide coating on the FeS surface inhibits the solution-phase oxidation following FeS dissolution. Instead, FeS is mostly oxidized into lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) via the surface-mediated oxidation without dissolution. At neutral pH, FeS is oxidized via both the solution-phase oxidation following FeS dissolution and the surface-mediated oxidation mechanisms. The mobilization of arsenic during FeS oxidation is strongly affected by FeS oxidation mechanisms. At acidic pH (and to some extent at neutral pH), the rapid FeS dissolution and the slow precipitation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides results in arsenic accumulation in water. In contrast, the surface-mediated oxidation of FeS at basic pH leads to the direct formation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, which provides effective adsorbents for As under oxic conditions. At acidic and neutral pH, the solution-phase oxidation of dissolved Fe(II) accelerates the oxidation of the less adsorbing As(III) to the more adsorbing As(V). This study reveals that the oxidative mobilization of As may be a significant pathway for arsenic enrichment of porewaters in sulfidic sediments. 相似文献
90.
Gyesoon Park Samgyu Park Myeong-Jong Yi Hyoungrae Rim Seong-Jun Cho Jung-Ho Kim 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(5):965-974
Two-dimensional (2-D) electrical resistivity and three-dimensional (3-D) gravity explorations were undertaken to estimate
the 3-D distribution of karst cavities at the area of Yongweol-ri in Korea where ground subsidence has occurred. Although
the gravity method is a low-cost way of analyzing a 3-D continuous structure, its vertical resolving power is poor. In contrast,
the electrical resistivity method can provide a 2-D and/or 3-D subsurface structure with a much higher lateral and vertical
resolution than the gravity method. Accordingly, geostatistical methods and density information were used to enhance the 2-D
resistivity structure revealed by the electrical resistivity method into a 3-D structure. The assumptions are, first, that
each data set senses the same underlying geological structure in terms of different material properties and, secondly, that
two different material properties are correlated locally or globally throughout the entire target area. As a result, the distribution
of limestone cavities can be estimated under the assumption that they are mostly filled with groundwater and clayey soils
and have abnormally low levels of resistivity and density. The estimated distribution corresponds with the grouting, borehole
imaging and monitoring data. In this example, it can be seen that the integration analysis of 2-D electrical resistivity and
3-D gravity methods is a very powerful tool for 3-D subsurface imaging and that the method can provide enhanced imaging capabilities
for 3-D cavities. 相似文献