中国高等教育经费投入空间格局及形成机理研究

利用Cartogram专题地图分析1995~2011年中国省际高等教育经费支出空间分布差异的基础上,采用Wolfson极化指数与循环累积因果原理分析高等教育经费投入空间差异化的形成机理,得出结论：① 中国高等教育经费投入总体呈“东、中、西”阶梯状递减的非均衡空间格局,空间极化日益显著;生均教育经费虽然比较均衡,但仍呈“东西两大地带隆起而中部塌陷”的特征;部属院校教育经费非均衡性与地方院校相比更为突出。②中国高等教育经费投入区域差异是受国家政策主导,在人口分布、地理环境、经济发展水平及资金收益率等多因素的影响下形成的复杂循环累积效应所致。     

多约束条件下示意性道路网地图渐进式综合(英文)

Multiple constraints for schematic road network map cartographic design are analyzed and summarized. Based on this, a set of quantitative criteria are set up and a new road network generalization method including progressive selection and displacement is proposed. Furthermore, topological checking methods for road networks are researched. Based on these constraints, the points in a road network are classified, and a satisfactory and effective schematic map is designed in a con- crete experiment while maintaining topological consistency of the road network between the original and the schematic map     

油气成藏过程中的同位素测年方法评述

笔者对国内外同位素测定年在确定油气成藏方面的应用现状进行评述的基础上,重点分析了K-Ar法,Ar-Ar法,U-Pb法,Rb-Sr法等方法所存在的问题,认为自生伊利石40Ar-39Ar法在不断克服技术难题之后,仍是油气成藏年代学不可缺少的重要手段;激光微区探针40Ar-39Ar法与流体包裹体技术相结合,是油气多期成藏40Ar-39Ar年代学研究取得成功的突破点;利用沥青和干酪根中微量金属U-Pb,Pb-Pb,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd和Re-Os体系的同位素分析方法获得油气生成、运移的年龄,是成熟的放射性同位素方法在石油地质学中的应用;晶洞充填物U-Pb测年,可能是碳酸盐岩储层油气成藏年代学研究又一新的突破点.     

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅰ号带西北部上奥陶统碳酸盐岩同生期岩溶——以顺2井为例

在对塔中Ⅰ构造带西北部的顺2井奥陶系碳酸盐岩详细岩心观察和室内研究基础上,通过对岩溶作用中的泥质和方解石充填物的矿物组成、粘土成分、常量与微量元素和碳氧同位素的综合研究认为:顺2井良里塔格组碳酸盐岩取心井段显示出小型的潜流-缓流带及渗潜带岩溶结构,发育厚度为几十米(20～60m);具有块(粒)状结构、不发光泥微晶颗粒和裂隙充填方解石等大气水成岩特征及等粒镶嵌状结构、环带结构等埋藏或混合成岩作用特征;泥质充填物含稳定石英、钾长石、斜长石及代表埋藏早期未压实的标型矿物菱铁矿,相对高的CaO、K2O、Sr/Ba、B、F和相对低的Sr具负铈异常等;泥岩充填物中碳酸盐岩δ13C>0,中低负值的δ18O和Z>120;反映其形成于海相或处于海水-淡水混合带,代表了与沉积间断面有关的同生期表生岩溶的特征,后经历了成岩埋藏阶段的热液(水)作用改造。     

北半球夏季亚洲—北太平洋间大气质量迁移规律及其与气候异常的联系

通过构建海陆间大气质量迁移(MAMLO,Migration of Atmospheric Mass over regions between Lands and Oceans)指数,对北半球夏季亚洲—北太平洋上空大气质量的迁移规律及其与气候异常的联系进行了研究。结果表明:在北半球中高纬亚洲大陆和中低纬北太平洋上空异常大气质量呈现反相变化。夏季MAMLO指数总体呈缓慢下降的趋势,同时还具有准3 a振荡周期以及显著的年代际变化特征。亚洲大陆中高纬地表气压变化与北太平洋低纬气压变化的反相关关系主要归因于:异常大气质量环流;海陆异常加热对比;Rossby波能传播。MAMLO与欧亚、太平洋地区夏季气候异常关系密切,尤其在中国地区。MAMLO为正(负)时,中国大体呈现出北方降水偏多(偏少)南方降水偏少(偏多)、北方偏冷(偏暖)南方偏暖(偏冷)的空间分布。     

社会水文学和城市水文学研究进展

进入人类纪尤其是近数十年来,人类活动对水文过程的影响愈来愈突出,愈来愈强烈,许多新的问题用传统水文学理论难以给出合理的分析和解释,因此,作为两个关注人类活动影响的水文学分支学科,社会水文学和城市水文学受到越来越多的关注。随着人水互动关系的增强,水文系统和人类系统逐渐演变为一个耦合系统,为研究其互馈关系和协同演化过程,社会水文学应运而生。城市是人类活动与自然系统相互影响最剧烈的部分之一,城市区域水循环问题日趋复杂,由此诞生了城市水文学。这两个学科的研究,对水资源和与其相关的经济社会发展的中长期规划和管理,指导城市规划建设、增强城市水安全和改善城市水环境具有重要意义。本文梳理了两个学科的发展规律,总结了研究特点。分析了两个学科的研究现状和发展趋势,包括社会水文学对社会因子的研究、典型流域的案例研究、不同案例的对比研究、模型模拟研究;以及城市水文学中城市化对降水和洪涝灾害的影响研究,城市化与生态环境响应关系的研究。本文探讨了两个学科的重点研究领域,如社会水文学中的本构关系研究、比较社会水文学研究、交叉学科研究等;城市水文学中的城市化对水文过程影响机理及模拟研究、城市暴雨洪水监测与预测预警技术研究、城市雨洪管理和资源化利用技术研究等。     

毛里塔尼亚努瓦克肖特沙丘粒度分布特征及其环境意义

毛里塔尼亚努瓦克肖特地区位于撒哈拉沙漠西部,基本被沙漠包围且常年遭受沙漠侵蚀,进行该地区沙漠粒度特征的研究,将对判别沙漠物质来源和沉积过程等具有重要参考意义。对努瓦克肖特周边纵向沙丘不同部位采集的50个沙样粒度进行分析。结果表明：沙丘沉积物的粒度以细沙和极细沙为主,两者所占比例超过60%;总体粒度要细于国内典型沙漠线性沙丘。沙丘东南坡、丘顶和西北坡整体上以细沙为主,其次为极细沙,二者含量依次递减,粉沙含量依次增加。沙丘沙粒径最细者为西北坡（5.13 φ）,最粗者为东南坡（3.07 φ）,分选性随粒径增加而变好。3个部位峰态存在明显差异,东南坡以中等和尖窄峰态为主,丘顶以尖窄峰态为主,西北坡为以宽平峰态为主,但三者均以正偏偏态为主。丘间地粒级级配趋势一致性最好,均以细沙为主,平均粒径大于沙丘各部位,平均粒径为2.76 φ,分选性优于沙丘,全为近对称中等峰态。该地区地表沙粒沉积环境和成因复杂,超过70%的沙样为风成沉积造成,其余为沿岸沉积造成。     

Kāhuli: Uncovering Indigenous Ecological Knowledge to Conserve Endangered Hawaiian Land Snails

Indigenous knowledge is a multilayered knowledge system that can inform contemporary management in both natural observations and cultural value. Centuries old observations preserved within song, chant, and story has been globally recognized as a resource to integrate with conservation efforts for endangered species. In the case of the endemic land snails, kāhuli, of the Hawaiian archipelago, there is a prominent cultural presence preserved in oral tradition and written records in 19th and early 20th century’s Hawaiian language newspapers. As we witness the dramatic decimation of one of the greatest models of species radiation, the unveiling of the repositories of indigenous knowledge is crucial for conservation of these endemic land snails. This paper reports on indigenous knowledge that informs about the cultural significance (i.e., poetic device, metaphorical role, importance to hula) and ecology of kāhuli, and how indigenous knowledge can contribute to conservation efforts of rare and endangered species.     

孤立湿地功能研究进展

孤立湿地是湿地的一种主要类型,具有自身独特的生态功能。受气候变化和人类活动的影响,孤立湿地面积和数量逐渐减少。对于孤立湿地的定义、类型及特征已有一定研究,但孤立湿地功能研究相对较为薄弱,而孤立湿地的功能研究是孤立湿地保护与恢复的前提。基于文献调研,从孤立湿地的水文、生境以及地球化学循环等功能及其功能间的关系综述了孤立湿地功能的研究进展,并分析了孤立湿地功能研究中存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和发展趋势,为湿地恢复、保护与管理提供科学参考。     

Multi-frequency satellite radar imaging of cultural heritage: the case studies of the Yumen Frontier Pass and Niya ruins in the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing is increasingly favoured in archaeological applications. However, the effectiveness of this technology for archaeological prospection has so far not been fully assessed. In this study, an integrated single-date and multi-temporal SAR data-processing chain was proposed to sharpen archaeological signs and hence their detection and monitoring. In total, 14 scenes of X-band Cosmo-SkyMed, C-band Sentinel-1 and L-band PALSAR data covering the Western Regions of the Silk Road Corridor in China were employed for two important archaeological sites including the Yumen Frontier Pass with emerging archaeological traces and Niya ruins with subsurface remains. The results pointed out that single-date satellite radar data were useful for the identification of subsurface traces buried under desert in the landscape-scale, whereas for the identification of emerging monuments, Sentinel-1 was limited by its lower spatial resolution compared to TerraSAR and PALSAR data. Multi-date products, such as interferometric coherence, the averaged radar signatures and RGB multi-temporal composites, were effective to sharpen archaeological traces as well as for change detection in Yumen Frontier Pass. This study presents a pilot assessment of satellite SAR data for the analysis and monitoring of archaeological features in the predominantly arid-sandy environmental characteristic of investigated sites.