Hypoxia and salinity in Virginia estuaries

Hypoxia, periods of reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, has been observed not only in the Chesapeake Bay but also in the deeper waters of the Virginia estuaries that are tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay. When water temperature exceeded 20°C, minimum oxygen concentrations were observed to be <50% of saturation concentrations in 75%, 50% and 2% of the surveys in the estuaries of the Rappahannock, York and James rivers, respectively. The observation that hypoxia rarely occurred in the James River is surprising, given the fact that it receives the greatest amount of wastewater. Analysis of the oxygen budgets in these estuaries indicates that the variations in the frequency, duration, and severity of hypoxia are related to the net movement of bottom waters. This relationship has significant implications for the management of water quality and marine fisheries.     

The influence of microcrack density on the elastic and fracture mechanical properties of Stripa granite

Microcracks can have a strong influence on the elastic and fracture mechanical properties of rocks if they are numerous, or if they are orientated in unfavourable directions in anisotropic rocks in particular. This paper presents results from a great number of mechanical tests on Stripa granite containing various amounts of microcracks. Variations in the microcrack density were obtained by shock-heating the rock at different temperatures in the range 100–600°C for 3 h.The results presented are obtained from sound velocity measurements, uniaxial compression tests, Brazilian tests and three-point bending tests. The density of microcracks in the heated rock is studied by means of optical microscopy, SEM and differential strain analysis (DSA).Some of the calculated parameters show a maximum value for specimens heat-treated at about 100°C. The tensile strength is, for instance, substantially higher for specimens shock-heated at 100°C than for non-heated ones. Another striking feature is the initial decrease of the diameter observed in specimens heat-treated at 600°C when loaded in uniaxial compression. Both optical microscopy and DSA experiments reveal a large increase in microcracking when the heat-treatment temperature exceeds 300°C.     

Earthquake epicentroids in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Zhangjiakou region inversed by gravity variation data

Introduction Since the 1960s, gravity changes associated with seismogenesis and earthquake occurrences have been found by many researchers and various physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain these relationship (MEI, 1993; Chen, et al, 1979; Li, Fu, 1983). The US/China joint project beginning in 1981 presented a thorough study of the relationship between gravity variations and earthquake occurrences in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Zhangjiakou (BTTZ) region, leading to a combined…     

深源成矿物质与深部找矿分析

本文认为金银铅锌等成矿物质主要来自核—幔源区,通过地幔热柱多级演化迁移到地壳上部,在较好的构造扩容带中集聚成矿,而围岩萃取的成矿物质较为有限,不应花费很大精力去寻找所谓矿源层,而要侧重研究构造成矿控矿作用,对新一轮地质找矿和资源评价,特别是一些老矿山的深部、外围找矿有重要的参考价值。     

UKF的改进算法及其在伪卫星定位中的应用

首先介绍了伪卫星导航系统的观测方程和动力学模型方程。然后,分析了基于UT变换的UKF算法,针对该算法存在的问题,结合迭代滤波思想和抗差估计原理提出了一种新的抗差UKF算法。并与EKF和UKF算法进行了比较。计算结果表明,该算法不仅可以提高滤波器的精度,而且能够更有效地控制观测异常对导航解的影响,使导航解更能反映导航系统的真实情况。     

Impact of GPS radio occultation data assimilation on regional weather predictions

The impact of GPS radio occultation (RO) data assimilation on severe weather predictions in East Asia is introduced and reviewed. Both the local observation operator that assimilates the retrieved refractivity as local point measurement, and the nonlocal observation operator that assimilates the integrated retrieved refractivity along a straight raypath have been utilized in WRF 3DVAR to improve the initial analysis of the model. A general evaluation of the impact of these approaches on Asian regional analysis and daily prediction is provided in this paper. In general, the GPS RO data assimilation may improve prediction of severe weather such as typhoons and Mei-yu systems when COSMIC data were available, ranging from several points in 2006 to a maximum of about 60 in 2007 and 2008 in this region. Based on a number of experiments, regional model predictions at 5 km resolution were not significantly influenced by different observation operators, although the nonlocal observation operator sometimes results in slightly better track forecast. These positive impacts are seen not only in typhoon track prediction but also in prediction of local heavy rainfall associated with severe weather over Taiwan. The impact of 56 GPS RO soundings on track prediction of Cyclone Gonu (2007) over the Indian Ocean is also appealing when compared to other tracks assimilated with different observations. From a successive evaluation of skill scores for real-time forecasts on Mei-yu frontal systems operationally conducted over a longer period and predictions of six typhoons in 2008, assimilation of GPS RO data appears to have some positive impact on regional weather predictions, on top of existent assimilation with all other observations.     

珠江三角洲地区风暴潮灾害工程性适应的损益分析

在全球增暖及海平面上升背景下,风暴潮极端事件愈加严重,修筑海防工程是沿海地区应对和适应风暴潮灾害的主要工程性措施。以珠江三角洲为研究区,基于风暴潮历史灾害数据,分析了风暴潮增水与社会经济损失的关联性;提出了定量评价工程性适应风暴潮灾害的经济损益理论关系模型;推算了未来极端事件情景下,珠江三角洲海防工程建设的适应效果。结果表明,珠江三角洲地区风暴潮灾害的灾损率与增水呈显著正相关。海防工程建设高度在1.69~11.85 m内处于收益状态,其中5.22 m时收益最大。基于2030年、2050年以及2100年海平面上升叠加风暴潮情景,将海防工程设防标准定为应对2100年20年一遇风暴潮时的收益最大,标准定为应对2100年100年一遇风暴潮时收益最小。     

浙江渔场修复振兴调查研究——以“一打三整治”专项执法行动为例

浙江渔场修复振兴暨"一打三整治"(依法打击涉渔"三无"船舶和违反伏休规定等违法生产经营行为,全面开展渔船"船证不符"整治、禁用渔具整治和污染海洋环境行为整治)专项执法行动实施以来,已取得显著成效,但也存在一些问题。文章基于调研所获资料,综合分析涉渔"三无"船舶回潮、部分伏休政策实施困难以及渔船"船证不符"、禁用渔具和海洋环境污染整治不彻底等问题及其原因,提出建立长效机制、加大整治力度和建立省内外联动机制的对策建议,为浙江省海洋生态修复、渔业资源保护和渔业可持续发展的相关决策提供参考。     

Modeling of the strong ground motion of 25th April 2015 Nepal earthquake using modified semi-empirical technique

On 25th April, 2015 a hazardous earthquake of moment magnitude 7.9 occurred in Nepal. Accelerographs were used to record the Nepal earthquake which is installed in the Kumaon region in the Himalayan state of Uttrakhand. The distance of the recorded stations in the Kumaon region from the epicenter of the earthquake is about 420–515 km. Modified semi-empirical technique of modeling finite faults has been used in this paper to simulate strong earthquake at these stations. Source parameters of the Nepal aftershock have been also calculated using the Brune model in the present study which are used in the modeling of the Nepal main shock. The obtained value of the seismic moment and stress drop is 8.26 × 10²⁵ dyn cm and 10.48 bar, respectively, for the aftershock from the Brune model .The simulated earthquake time series were compared with the observed records of the earthquake. The comparison of full waveform and its response spectra has been made to finalize the rupture parameters and its location. The rupture of the earthquake was propagated in the NE–SW direction from the hypocenter with the rupture velocity 3.0 km/s from a distance of 80 km from Kathmandu in NW direction at a depth of 12 km as per compared results.     

基于InSAR的城市地下轨道交通沉降与灾害监测

城市地铁建设会对邻域造成地质环境损伤,甚至发生灾变。传统基于点位测量的方法在实际应用过程中存在野外作业周期长、受天气影响及耗费大量人力物力等缺点。因此,本文基于城市地下轨道交通安全施工中的应用需求,以天津市地铁五号线为例,利用27景TerraSAR数据和PS-InSAR时序监测方法,对地下轨道交通地铁站和隧道施工影响进行了监测和评估。结果表明,PS-InSAR能在施工期间监测到地铁线及周边的形变,有利于城市轨道交通全生命健康监测。