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61.
The conventional acoustic logging interpretation method, which is based on vertical wells that penetrate isotropic formations, is not suitable for horizontal and deviated wells penetrating anisotropic formations. This unsuitability is because during horizontal and deviated well drilling, cuttings will splash on the well wall or fall into the borehole bottom and form a thin bed of cuttings. In addition, the high velocity layers at different depths and intrinsic anisotropy may affect acoustic logging measurements. In this study, we examine how these factors affect the acoustic wave slowness measured in horizontal and deviated wells that are surrounded by an anisotropic medium using numerical simulation. We use the staggered-grid finite difference method in time domain (FDTD) combined with hybrid-PML. First, we acquire the acoustic slowness using a simulated array logging system, and then, we analyze how various factors affect acoustic slowness measurements and the differences between the effects of these factors. The factors considered are high-velocity layers, thin beds of cuttings, dipping angle, formation thickness, and anisotropy. The simulation results show that these factors affect acoustic wave slowness measurements differently. We observe that when the wavelength is much smaller than the distance between the borehole wall and high velocity layer, the true slowness of the formation could be acquired. When the wavelengths are of the same order (i.e., in the near-field scenarios), the geometrical acoustics theory is no longer applicable. Furthermore, when a thin bed of cuttings exists at the bottom of the borehole, Fermat's principle is still applicable, and true slowness can be acquired. In anisotropic formations, the measured slowness changes with increments in the dipping angle. Finally, for a measurement system with specific spacing, the slowness of a thin target layer can be acquired when the distance covered by the logging tool is sufficiently long. Based on systematical simulations with different dipping angles and anisotropy in homogenous TI media, slowness estimation charts are established to quantitatively determine the slowness at any dipping angle and for any value of the anisotropic ratio. Synthetic examples with different acoustic logging tools and different elastic parameters demonstrate that the acoustic slowness estimation method can be conveniently applied to horizontal and deviated wells in TI formations with high accuracy. 相似文献
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珠江三角洲地区风暴潮重现期及增水与环境要素的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
珠江三角洲地区是我国海岸中台风暴潮最严重的区域之一,受全球变暖和海平面上升影响,该地区风暴潮增水重现值将出现显著的变化。本文采用耿贝尔方法和皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布法,分别计算了珠江三角洲地区11个潮位站的最大增水值的重现期,并对计算结果进行了比较,绘制了风暴潮增水重现值分布曲线。结果表明大部分潮位站的耿贝尔分布曲线与经验频率点吻合程度较好,少数潮位站的皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布曲线与经验频率点吻合程度较好,两种方法结合起来效果最佳;分析了该地区风暴潮重现期的基本特征;最后总结了风暴潮与台风路径、天文潮以及地形之间的关系。该计算结果将为政府规划设计部门决策提供参考,对风暴潮预报、海岸工程设计和估计风暴潮造成的损失提供科学依据。 相似文献
66.
One-dimensional flow experiments on biological clogging were carried out by biostimulating columns packed with glass beads, sterilized, and inoculated with toluene-utilizing bacteria. Biostimulation consisted of continuously injecting toluene at four concentrations (3.0 ± 0.9, 6.1 ± 0.8, 8.7 ± 1.6, and 11.3 ± 0.8 mg/L). The results of column flow experiments indicated that a threshold concentration of toluene exists below which the total biomass in the column can be kept at a steady-state level. The column cores were extruded and segmented to determine the biomass distribution throughout the column at clogging. Clogging resulted in a significant buildup of filamentous bacteria close to the inlet end. Based on the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA genes, the dominant filamentous bacteria were identified as Nocardia farcinica. A 235-d column experiment demonstrated that the clogging near injection points can be controlled by keeping the influent concentration of toluene below the threshold. 相似文献
67.
Evaluating the effect of the global ionospheric map on aiding retrieval of radio occultation electron density profiles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Radio occultation (RO) has been proven to be a powerful technique for ionospheric electron density profile (EDP) retrieval. The Abel inversion currently used in RO EDP retrieval has degraded performance in regions with large horizontal gradients because of an assumption of spherical symmetry as indicated by many studies. Some alternative methods have been proposed in the past; the global ionospheric map (GIM)-aided Abel inversion is most frequently studied. Since the number of RO observations will likely increase rapidly in the near future, it is worthwhile to continue to improve retrieval method. In this study, both the simulations and the real data test have been done to evaluate the GIM-aided Abel inversion method. It is found that the GIM-aided Abel inversion can significantly improve upon the standard Abel inversion in either the F or the E region if an accurate GIM is available. However, the current IGS GIM does not appear accurate enough to improve retrieval results significantly, because of the spherical symmetry assumption and sparse global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations used in its creation. Generating accurate GIM based on dense GNSS network to aid the Abel inversion might be an alternative method. 相似文献
68.
Numerical study of upper ocean response to a typhoon moving zonally across the Luzon Strait 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Luzon Strait (LS) is a wide channel between Taiwan and the Luzon islands. Eastward of the LS, the Kuroshio Current (KC)
flows northward along the eastern coasts of Luzon and Taiwan. A typhoon is a strong and localized low-pressure weather system
that occurs frequently in the vicinity of the Taiwan area. One typical typhoon track, passing through the seas surrounding
Taiwan, is a zonal path across the LS. The satellite measured SST, corresponding to typhoons Pabuk (5 Aug. 2007–12 Aug. 2007)
and Dujuan (29 Aug. 2003–5 Sep. 2003), which both moved along this path, demonstrated that a classic right bias cooling occurs
to the north of the storm track, during the typhoon forced period. However, some cold anomaly water also present toward left
(south) of the storm track east of the LS in the relaxation period. This paper adopted a three-dimensional hydrostatic primitive
equation model to study the possible causes of this southward transport of cold waters. Both model results and the observed
SST anomaly revealed that the strength of the upper ocean cooling depends on whether a resonant regime between the typhoon
winds and the near-inertial currents can be excited. To the east of the LS, the convergence between the warm Kuroshio water
and the cold wakes in the poststorm period will enhance the southward spreading of cold anomaly water. The enhanced vertical
mixing, induced by the southward propagation of nearly inertial waves associated with the cold wakes, can also produce some
cold anomaly to the south of a storm track in the poststorm period. Both mechanisms can contribute to the occurrence of some
cold anomaly water to the south of the storm track east of the KC. To the west of the LS, the convergence between the warm
Kuroshio water and the cold upwelling water from the northern South China Sea can further strengthen the Kuroshio front in
the LS. 相似文献
69.
A laboratory study on the undrained strength of a silty sand from Central Western Taiwan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yao-Tao Huang An-Bin Huang Yu-Chen Kuo Ming-Dou Tsai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(9-10):733
The sand deposit in Central Western Taiwan typically contained significant amounts of fines. The assessment of liquefaction potential using the simplified procedure often involved adjustment in field test results to account for the effects of fines. The available fines content (FC) adjustment methods are highly empirical and may lead to very different conclusions. The need and/or level of FC adjustment should be justified based on cyclic behavior of sand and its relationship with fines. This study made an attempt to provide that reference information for a silty sand commonly found in Central Western Taiwan. A series of isotropic consolidation, undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted Mai Liao Sand (MLS) with various FCs and densities. Concurrent shear wave velocities were measured using bender elements in some of the cyclic triaxial tests. This paper describes the geological background, the laboratory tests and their implications in the assessment of liquefaction potential for MLS. 相似文献
70.
构造煤甲烷吸附表面能研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
煤的表面能是致使煤具有吸附性差异的根本原因。通过分析动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分的影响,借助甲烷等温吸附实验,计算了不同温度下随着压力增大,原生结构煤和构造煤吸附甲烷的煤表面能的变化情况,并从构造煤动力变质角度分析了其表面能变化的原因。结果表明:动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分改造作用明显,构造煤比共生的原生结构煤微孔隙更发育,吸附能力更强;计算结果也表明,随着温度的升高和压力的增大,构造煤吸附甲烷的表面能降低值均大于共生的原生结构煤,构造煤吸附甲烷的能力更强。 相似文献