Wave height characteristics in the Mediterranean Sea by means of numerical modeling, satellite data, statistical and geometrical techniques

In this paper the main wave height characteristics in the Mediterranean Sea are studied from both observational and numerical perspectives. The numerical wave model WAM is employed on a high spatial resolution mode and in two different versions, one of which incorporates information for sea surface currents. Altimeter data obtained from all available satellite missions over the area are also utilized. The data sets are analyzed both by conventional statistical measures as well as by advanced techniques provided by a relatively new branch of mathematics, information geometry, in the framework of which the data under study and the distributions that they form are treated as elements of non Euclidean spaces. In this framework, novel ideas for the estimation of the deviations between the observed and modeled values are proposed.     

Assessment of Radar Waveform Retracked Jason-2 Altimetry Sea Surface Heights Near Taiwan Coastal Ocean

This study focuses on assessing the accuracy of 20-Hz waveform retracked Jason-2 (J-2) altimetry sea surface heights (SSHs) in the vicinity of Taiwan by comparisons with the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) 10-Hz SSHs and sea level data from the Anping tide gauge. The study areas exhibit high, medium, and low amplitudes of ocean tides and contain diverse bathymetries with depths of 0–4000 m. The performance of Offset Center of Gravity (OCOG), threshold, modified threshold, and ice retrackers was examined by comparing the retracked SSHs with Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) geoid via the use of the improvement percentages (IMPs). The results indicate that both altimetry measurements are significantly improved by waveform retracking techniques, with a maximum IMP of 46.6% for T/P and 82.0% for J-2, and the optimal achievement of retrackers is influenced by the characteristics of the study areas. In addition, valid retracked J-2 SSHs are much closer to shorelines than T/P. A comparison of retracked J-2 data with Anping tide gauge records reveals that applying the optimal retracking algorithms reduces the root mean squares of differences and increases the number of valid measurements.     

Typhoon-induced ocean responses off the southwest coast of Taiwan

Typhoons can cause substantial sea surface cooling (typically 2–4 °C), which is usually biased to the right side of the storm track. Under influence of the complex bathymetry of the southern Taiwan Strait (TS), two types of sea surface temperature (SST) response, cooling and warming, each associated with a different type of typhoon track were identified using satellite and mooring observations. When a typhoon moved westward (or northwestward) and passed through the TS (track A), the SST cooling in the TS was biased toward the left of the storm track. Numerical model results indicated that in track A, strong wind stress accelerates the flow east of the Taiwan Banks and drove the bottom flow to uplift due to the topography. Moreover, both wind stress and wind stress curl enhanced the Luzon loop. After the typhoon passed, the mean circulation was modified around strong cooling in the southern TS, causing more South China Sea surface water to be distributed to the Kuroshio region. However, when a typhoon moved westward (or northwestward) and passed south of the TS, SST warming was induced in the southern TS (track B). The model results indicated that when the typhoon passed to the south of the TS, the typhoon-induced horizontal divergent flow travelled to the north, where it encountered the shallower shelf of the TS that was confined to the water, causing warm water transported into this area to accumulate and downwelling to occur. This can be regarded as redistributing the heat content in the shelf area. After the typhoon, the thickened mixed layer resulting from downwelling prevented the formation of near-inertial waves and reduced the vertical mixing.     

中国城市土壤微量金属元素的管理目标值和整治行动值

随着城市土壤重金属含量的升高,土壤环境质量标准的建立一直是城市土壤污染管理的关键。而最近的城市土壤地球化学调查和城市土壤重金属元素背景的研究提供了设置合理调节值的可能性,如管理目标值(MTV)和整治行动值(RAV)。本文介绍了如何用土壤背景数据确定MTV和RAV的方法,也给出了全国城市土壤及31个省会城市土壤中20种元素的MTV和RAV值。这对全面认识我国城市土壤环境质量现状、建立土壤环境质量管理法及执法标准具有重要的现实意义。     

北山造山带白云山蛇绿混杂岩的地球化学特征、时代及地质意义

白云山蛇绿混杂岩是北山造山带中红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿岩带的一部分,由蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩、蛇纹岩、辉长岩(堆晶辉长岩、块状辉长岩)、基性枕状熔岩(变玄武岩)及深海-次深海远洋、半远洋相沉积物(硅质岩、板岩)、白云岩等组成。其中辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为496.4±2.2 Ma,指示蛇绿岩形成于晚寒武世;混杂带中玄武岩地球化学特征为洋底玄武岩,兼有洋岛碱性玄武岩(OIB)和洋脊玄武岩(MORB)的地球化学性质,枕状熔岩与硅质岩交互产出,指示其形成环境为深水洋盆。结合区域地质资料,推测该蛇绿混杂岩带为寒武纪洋中脊存在的遗迹。     

Freeze concentration of proteins in Antarctic krill wash water

Water-washing removes fluoride from Antarctic krill but produces large volumes of wash water containing water-soluble proteins and fluoride. The freeze concentration method was tested to determine if it could be used to recover water-soluble proteins while leaving the fluoride in solution. After freezing and thawing the wash water, protein and fluoride contents of the thawed fractions were determined to explore the melting regularity of components in the wash water. The highest concentration factors of protein and fluoride were obtained after 80 min of thawing, such as 1.48 ± 0.06 and 1.35 ± 0.04 times, respectively. The free amino-nitrogen(FAN) content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern results revealed that the highest concentrations of all ingredients were obtained after 80 min of the process. The degree of hydrolysis of all fractions from the thawing process fluctuated in a narrow range around 12% during the entire process, indicating that the thawing order did not change with various proteins or time during the entire thawing course. These results demonstrate that the freeze concentration method can be used to concentrate protein solutions, even those with fluoride. It was concluded that condensation was achieved and no ingredient could be separated, regardless of fluoride, amino acids, or different proteins in the water.     

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta Quaternary Boreholes

This paper analyzed contents and geochemical fractions of four heavy metals in four Quaternary boreholes from different sedimentary areas in Pearl River Delta. The results revealed that the geochemical features of heavy metals were controlled by geological provenance and sedimentary environment. The contribution rates of geological sources showed differentiation in four sedimentary environments. In delta plain sedimentary environment, geological sources were the most predominant. In the sea land interaction sedimentary environment, the control of the geological source factor was weakened. The effect of land-sea interaction became more important. Due to different chemical properties of heavy metals, they showed distinct sensitivities to sedimentary environment. Cadmium (Cd) was enriched significantly in the study areas. Mobile fraction of Cd possessed the highest proportion. Potential ecological risk of Cadmium was the highest among heavy metals. Asenic, mercury and lead were enriched weakly. Arsenic and Mercury were dominated by residual fraction. Lead was mainly composed of residual and Fe-Mn oxidation fraction. Their potential ecological risks were relatively lower. In different sedimentary environment, physicochemical parameters had various effects on Cadmium geochemical fraction such as pH. The mobile fraction of Cd was mainly correlated with pH and leaching coefficient.     

中国淡水湖泊沉积物地球化学背景与环境质量基准建立的思考

利用中国150余个淡水湖泊表层沉积物和深层沉积物的地球化学数据,采用中位数绝对中位差的方法统计获得了中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、TN、TP、TOC及pH的地球化学背景值,为我国湖泊沉积物环境质量基准的建立和湖泊生态环境质量监管提供了重要依据。统计结果表明,我国表层湖泊沉积物中的As、Cd、Hg等重金属元素以及TP、TOC等发生了显著富集,显示出强烈的人类活动对湖泊沉积物环境质量的改变。在探讨国外环境质量基准值对我国淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量评价适应性的基础上,提出直接采用国外相关标准还不能客观评价我国湖泊沉积物的污染程度和生态风险,应充分考虑我国湖泊沉积物的地球化学背景,建立适应我国情况的沉积物环境质量基准。     

Benefit analysis of flood adaptation under climate change scenario

Natural Hazards - Typhoon Morakot of 2009 caused the worst flooding in the history of Taiwan. Because research on climate change has indicated that similar extreme disasters are expected to become...     

云南勐海县勐阿街温泉水化学和同位素特征及成因

勐阿街温泉地处云南西南部勐阿盆地,现主要有4个温泉出露点,在澜沧江断裂带西侧沿NW向小型断裂磨刀河—曼懂断裂带出露。地下热储带分布于华力西期—印支期的中酸性侵入岩中,热水富集在花岗岩断裂破碎带及断裂交汇位置。温泉近20年来主要成分未发生较大变化,温泉矿化度较低（0.31~0.34 g/L）,水化学类型为HCO3—Na型,为中低温、弱碱性温泉。热水中F-含量为12.8~13.2 mg/L,H2SiO3含量为52.5~67.6 mg/L,含有锂、锶、钨等微量元素。温泉水化学类型成因为含CO2的地下水对花岗岩体发生溶滤作用而形成,F-含量高可能是由于溶解了花岗岩中含氟的黑云母,H2SiO3含量较高的原因是温泉水与含硅酸盐岩的岩石发生大面积接触溶滤作用。氢氧稳定同位素组成表明勐阿街温泉的补给水源为大气降水,并具有轻微的18O漂移现象,表明水与围岩的氧同位素交换程度较高,热储温度较高。用同位素方法估算温泉的补给区高程在1 200 m左右,补给温度约为10 ℃,推测温泉水源主要来自勐阿街盆地周围山地的大气降水,计算得热储温度为93~104 ℃。勐阿街温泉成因为其周围山区大气降水入渗补给后,经历深循环受大地热流加热后,沿断裂带上升出露成泉。热水在上升途中与浅部冷水相遇,冷水混合比例52%~76%,热水循环深度为3 000~3 360 m。