建立区域坐标系问题的我见

讨论了城市及工程控制网所属的区域坐标系的实质,指出设置抵偿高程面的方法所存在的种种缺陷,尤其是对大面积测区及精密工程控制不家采用,而任意带坐标系则较少受到限制,更能满足应用需要,采用亲折椭球,正是在ＧＰＳ技术应用日益普及和深入的条件下的必然做法,亦可使建立区域坐标系理论趋于严密,但目前所采用的区域性椭球尚有待于研究和改进。     

青藏高原调控区域能量过程和全球气候的机理

本文总结了中国国家自然科学基金委重点项目“青藏高原调控区域能量过程及其影响机理”的研究进展。着重阐明了春夏季伊朗高原和青藏高原(TIP)地表热通量特征及变化原因、TIP上空独特的水汽、云宏观和微观垂直结构,以及降水和云辐射效应;在夏季两个高原地区的感热加热存在相互影响和反馈,形成观测到的加热与大气垂直环流之间的准平衡耦合系统,由此提出了TIP系统(TIPS)的概念;项目还从天文和水文的角度佐证了TIPS对亚洲夏季风的影响,揭示TIPS导致上对流层暖、下平流层冷的南亚高压的形成机理及TIPS影响北半球环流和印度洋海气相互作用的物理过程;揭示TIPS系统对南亚高压年际变化的影响,提出高原位涡强迫激发中国东部激烈天气过程的一种新机制。此外还揭示了CMIP5模式对高原表面温度模拟存在冷偏差的原因和其中的物理过程,这是大气环流与冰雪反照率的动力耦合的结果。     

A preliminary study of the weathering mechanism of fossilized Cretaceous Hamipterus bones

The discovery of Hamipterus tianshanensis had important scientific significance because three-dimensional preserved fossils can provide unique information about the reproduction,development,and evolution of pterosaurs.However,the pterosaur fossils exhibited violent weathering,including noticeable cracking and spalling,since the preservation environment changed dramatically after excavation,which severely influenced the preservation of these fossils and the scientific research conducted on them.To determine the weathering mechanism of these fossil bones,the samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence(XRF),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS).The results indicate that calcite is the main mineral in the hollow bones,but it is mixed with a small amount of other minerals,such as quartz,feldspar,and other debris particles.Moreover,the main component of the pterosaur bones is hydroxyapatite,and carbonate has substituted for some of the phosphate(B-type carbonated apatite)in the fossil bones.A small amount of calcite and manganese oxides has precipitated in the vascular canals.The phosphate crystallinity index(PCI)is 4.17.These results indicate that the fossils have undergone severe diagenesis.Apart from these alterations,the fossil bones have high contents of anions and cations such as Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,and Ca²⁺,and the total content of soluble salts is 35584.41μg g^-1.Based on these results,it is inferred that the weathering mechanism of the fossil bones is as follows.First,the fragile hollow bones cracked easily because of the enormous thermal stress caused by the dramatic temperature changes in the Gobi Desert and the differences in the thermal expansion coefficients(TEC)of the surrounding rocks,the fossil bones,and the different fillers.Second,a large amount of stress is generated by salt crystallization when the temperature and humidity change,and the pterosaur fossils will be damaged when the crystallization pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the fossils.These results suggest that the preservation of pterosaur fossils requires suitable desalination and consolidation conditions.Moreover,they should be preserved in a constant temperature and humidity environment.     

基于 GIS 的智能辅助矿产预测系统研究

本文是在“中大比例尺矿床统计预测智能辅助系统（MILASP系统）”的研制中完成的。其中对GIS 与Internet的关系作了论述‚推导并应用了“扩展证据加权模型”‚对陕西省勉略宁地区进行了实例应用 研究‚初步实现了矿床统计预测工作的计算机化和自动化‚加强了智能辅助支持功能的开发‚集GIS、 RS、ES3种功能为一体‚代表了专用型GIS软件开发的最新方向。     

多源遥感揭示的郯庐断裂带江苏段及邻区特征

借助可见光、微波、GPS和重力等数据从多源遥感视角对郯庐断裂带江苏段的地表出露形态、断裂带周边形变场和块体重力等特征进行研究,并辅以实地调查和探槽验证。结果表明：1）有争议的F5断裂南部应位于泗洪县后陈村,地表出露长度约为9 km,走向约为NNE12°;2）Sentinel-1A数据反演的断裂区地表形变场与普遍认为的第四纪以来郯庐断裂带右旋特性一致,且宿迁、新沂、泗县表现为沉降,邳州、睢宁、泗洪表现为隆升,断裂两侧水平和垂直向形变速率差分别约为4 mm/a和3 mm/a;3）GPS形变场分析表明,断裂两侧相对滑动约为1.4 mm/a,与微波结果的形变差异体现出近年断裂走滑运动呈加速状态;4）布格重力异常分析表明,断裂两侧重力分异明显,表现出西低东高的特征分异状态。该成果可为郯庐断裂带江苏段周边地壳块体形变、潜在孕震、发震等级和震灾防御等研究提供借鉴。     

Interaction Between Typhoon and Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone:Data Analyses and Numerical Experiments

Three kinds of typhoons with distinct tracks are sorted based on a set of typhoon data from 1958 to 1998. The results of composite analyses confirm that different typhoon tracks correspond to different patterns of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific （SAWP）. When the tracks are westward, the SAWP is strong, with a zonal form, and stretches westward; when the tracks are recurving, the main body of the SAWP shifts eastward and breaks near 160~E; and when the tracks are northward, the SAWP is located far east of its normal position. Based on the above result, two different initial fields are configured, one has a zonal and strong SAWP, and the other has a meridional and weak SAWP. By using the GOALS R42L9 climate model, a temperature disturbance is added into these two different initial fields to force the formation of a typhoon. Westward and northward tracked typhoons are well simulated, thus verifying that different patterns of the SAWP have different effects on typhoon tracks. Results also show that typhoons can induce barotropic Rossby waves propagating to the mid and high latitudes. Under different background zonal flows, the wave trains triggered by the typhoons of westward and northward tracks are also different, and their effects on the mid and high latitude circulations and the SAWP are different. Compared to a n.orthward tracked typhoon, a westward tracked typhoon is able to induce positive geopotential height anomaly to its north and northwest, resulting in the SAWP strengthening and developing westward.     

空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响Ⅱ:陆面感热与东太平洋副高

在文献［４］尺度分析的基础上,通过对 Ｎ Ｃ Ｅ Ｐ／ Ｎ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ 月平均资料的分析,并利用 Ｉ Ａ Ｐ／ Ｌ Ａ Ｓ Ｇ Ｇ Ｏ Ａ Ｌ Ｓ全球气候模式进行模拟和试验,研究了东太平洋北美地区副热带高压主体的形成及变化规律。基于全型垂直涡度方程的诊断分析指出,北美陆地的表面感热通量是决定该地区副热带高压中心位置及其季节变化的关键因素。数值模拟和敏感性试验进一步表明,夏半年陆面感热加热是导致１０００ ｈ Ｐａ 太平洋副热带高压及５００ ｈ Ｐａ 北美副热带高压形成和变化的最重要原因。     

长江流域夏季不同强度降水日数的时空变化特征

利用长江流域56个站点1957—2009年夏季逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及Hadley海表温度资料,分析了长江流域夏季不同强度降水日数的时空变化及其相关的海气异常型。结果表明:(1)近53 a来,长江流域夏季大到暴雨日数占总降水日数的比率呈明显增加趋势,而中小雨日数占总降水日数的比率呈明显减少趋势。(2)长江流域夏季不同强度降水日数的变化及其相应的海气异常型表现为明显不同的特征。当前期春季海温距平场表现为典型的东部型El Nino分布形态,500 h Pa位势高度场呈现出"+-+"的经向PJ波列,西北太平洋副热带高压偏强,位置偏南偏西,中高纬地区乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区出现双阻塞形势,南半球澳大利亚高压异常偏强,越赤道气流偏强,在30°N附近200 h Pa纬向西风急流异常偏强,850 h Pa风场在东亚上空经向方向上呈现出明显的反气旋—气旋—反气旋系统相间分布的特征时,有利于长江流域夏季大到暴雨降水日数偏多。     

Case Study on the Impact of the Vortex in the Easterlies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere on the Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data （1000-10 hPa, 2.5°×2.5°）, the impact of the vortex in the easterlies （EV） over the tropical upper troposphere on the zonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone （WPSA） during 19-25 June 2003 is analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EV can extend from middle troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, reaching a maximum at 200 hPa. The vertical thermal distribution appears to be ＂warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer＂. The WPSA retreats eastward abnormally when the EV and the vortex in the westerlies （WV） encounter around the same longitude while they move toward each other. It is also shown that the vorticity variation extends from the troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, with the most prominent change occurring at 200 hPa by the diagnostic analyses of the vertical vorticity equation. The WPSA appears to retreat abnormally eastward while the negative/positive vorticity change becomes stronger near the east/west side of the EV, and the areas with positive vorticity tendency both in the EV and WV join together into one belt along 130°E during the process of the EV and the WV moving toward each other. In the vorticity equation, the positive contribution caused by the horizontal advection term is the maximum, and the minimum is caused by theβ effect. It is also found that enhanced horizontal vorticity advection andβ effect, as well as the ＂barotropic development＂ resulted from the in-phase superposition of the southerly and the northerly winds in the easterlies and westerlies near 130~E, are in agreement with the WPSA eastward retreat.