祁连山及其邻区大地构造基本特征──兼论早古生代海相火山岩的成因环境

作者对中、南祁连的大地构造属性提出了新的见解，认为它们和柴达木地块具有同一前震旦纪基底，三者共同构成了柴达木板块。北祁连山的主体是介于中朝板块和柴达木板块间的早古生代缝合带。中朝板块的南缘有一个活动陆缘，由走廊弧后盆地和走廊南山北缘岛弧构成。从中寒武世以来，祁连山及其邻区构造演化经历了古大陆克拉通裂解，大洋克拉通演化阶段和新大陆克拉通演化阶段。现今的祁连山是这些构造演化共同作用的结果。早古生代海相火山岩的生成环境在南祁连为单一的裂谷环境。而在北祁连及走廊带，则不同时期具有不同的生成环境：（１）中寒武世为初始大洋裂谷环境，（２）早中奥陶世为具沟弧盆体系的政熟大洋，（３）晚奥陶世为残留洋盆，（４）志留纪为前陆盆地环境。     

近30年来我国地质分析重要成果评介

从地质标准物质体系的建立、X射线荧光分析成为岩矿全分析的主导方法、电感耦合等离子体光谱－质谱成为现代地质分析的支柱、化探配套方法的形成与发展、野外现场分析技术、贵金属元素分析、微区痕量分析及元素分布特征研究新技术、Re/Os同位素年代学方法及其应用、海洋地球化学分析方法体系及标准物质体系的形成等九个方面列举、评介了近30年来较重要的地质分析成果,说明成果产生的历史条件、意义与影响、成果的获得及给人的启示。最后就我国地质分析的当前热点及未来发展提出了看法。     

Interannual Influences of the Surface Potential Vorticity Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on East Asian Summer Rainfall

The influences of interannual surface potential vorticity forcing over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on East Asian summer rainfall (EASR) and upper-level circulation are explored in this study. The results show that the interannual EASR and associated circulations are closely related to the surface potential vorticity negative uniform leading mode (PVNUM) over the TP. When the PVNUM is in the positive phase, more rainfall occurs in the Yangtze River valley, South Korea, Japan, and part of northern China, less rainfall occurs in southern China, and vice versa. A possible mechanism by which PVNUM affects EASR is proposed. Unstable air induced by the positive phase of PVNUM could stimulate significant upward motion and a lower-level anomalous cyclone over the TP. As a result, a dipole heating mode with anomalous cooling over the southwestern TP and anomalous heating over the southeastern TP is generated. Sensitivity experiment results regarding this dipole heating mode indicate that anomalous cooling over the southwestern TP leads to local and northeastern Asian negative height anomalies, while anomalous heating over the southeastern TP leads to local positive height anomalies. These results greatly resemble the realistic circulation pattern associated with EASR. Further analysis indicates that the anomalous water vapor transport associated with this anomalous circulation pattern is responsible for the anomalous EASR. Consequently, changes in surface potential vorticity forcing over the TP can induce changes in EASR.     

富钴锰结壳分析技术评价

简要评介了用于富钴锰结壳成分分析的现代分析技术,包括船上现场分析,陆上实验室的多元素分析,矿物微区分析和元素微区分布特征研究的微探针方法及相关标准物质的研制。讨论了结壳品位分析时的取样问题及干基温度的确定和对“绿色”分析技术的需求。     

Formation and Variation of the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Climate Effects

To cherish the memory of the late Professor Duzheng YE on what would have been his 100 th birthday, and to celebrate his great accomplishment in opening a new era of Tibetan Plateau(TP) meteorology, this review paper provides an assessment of the atmospheric heat source(AHS) over the TP from different data resources, including observations from local meteorological stations, satellite remote sensing data, and various reanalysis datasets. The uncertainty and applicability of these heat source data are evaluated. Analysis regarding the formation of the AHS over the TP demonstrates that it is not only the cause of the atmospheric circulation, but is also a result of that circulation. Based on numerical experiments, the review further demonstrates that land–sea thermal contrast is only one part of the monsoon story. The thermal forcing of the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau plays a significant role in generating the Asian summer monsoon(ASM), i.e., in addition to pumping water vapor from sea to land and from the lower to the upper troposphere, it also generates a subtropical monsoon–type meridional circulation subject to the angular momentum conservation, providing an ascending-air large-scale background for the development of the ASM.     

洞庭湖流域不同水体中同位素研究

在洞庭湖流域内的长沙、汨罗、怀化对大气降水、地表水（河水）、地下水（泉水、井水）进行了取样,分析了流域内不同水体中稳定水同位素的变化特征以及它们之间的转化关系。研究发现地处亚热带季风区的洞庭湖流域,地表水、地下水中同位素继承了降水同位素冬半年富集、夏半年贫化的特征,但存在不同程度的滞后。同时,降水同位素的变化幅度及波动性明显大于地表水及地下水,而地表水、地下水中同位素较降水中要富集。流域内河水中同位素大致表现出随纬度升高而贫化的趋势,这主要受降水同位素场的影响。流域内长沙河水、井水、泉水中同位素组成均位于大气水线附近且分别大致位于一直线上,这说明大气降水是这3种水体的主要补给源。不同季节河水、井水、泉水中同位素组成与大气水线的比较则进一步反映出了不同水体在不同季节的转化关系。     

线性准地转模型中副热带感热加热强迫的定常波

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的解析解,研究了感热加热强迫所激发的副热带定常波的结构特征,讨论了基本流、牛顿冷却及地面摩擦等对定常波振幅和位相的影响。结果表明,东风时定常波在垂直方向上表现为上、下层反位相的第一斜压结构,且地面系统远强于中高层;西风时定常波呈现出向上的传播特征,在高层,随着风速增大振幅随高度的升高有增大趋势。在近地层,东风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热西（东）侧;西风时气旋（反气旋）主体位于加热东（西）侧,近地层以上相反。此外,发现东、西风基本流的作用具有对称特征,这与潜热加热显著不同。研究结果还表明,牛顿冷却对定常波有重要影响,基本流越弱影响越显著。在静止大气中,感热加热强迫下无斯韦尔德鲁普（Sverdrup）解,考虑牛顿冷却时,感热强迫在热源范围内的近地层和中高层分别激发出气旋式和反气旋式环流,气旋中心位于加热中心略偏西的位置。在非静止大气中,牛顿冷却项使地面系统中心向上风方向移动,东风时向东移。牛顿冷却对高、低层系统均有削弱作用。地面摩擦则明显不同,它总会使低层系统减弱,高层系统增强。     

亚洲夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋和孟加拉湾热带气旋活动统计特征

亚洲夏季风爆发始于孟加拉湾,然后向中国南海和印度次大陆扩展,其过程约持续1个月。各地区夏季风爆发时间呈明显的年际变化。利用热带气旋资料和气象再分析资料,统计了1951-2010年孟加拉湾和中国南海夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋热带气旋、孟加拉湾气旋风暴活动和夏季风爆发的关系。结果表明,在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发过程中,共有36 a出现孟加拉湾气旋风暴,并且夏季风爆发偏早年出现风暴的几率最高,为80%。在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发偏早、正常和偏晚3种类型中,孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰期多出现在夏季风爆发前后几天内。并且在孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰出现前期,西北太平洋热带气旋最先出现活动频率高峰。孟加拉湾夏季风爆发前有40%-50%的年份西北太平洋出现热带气旋活动,其中,夏季风爆发偏早年,爆发前西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间偏早（4月第2候）,且多活动在中国南海和菲律宾附近;爆发正常年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为4月第4候,多活动在略偏东的海域;爆发偏晚年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为5月初,活动区域最偏东。中国南海夏季风爆发过程中,60 a中共有29 a西北太平出现热带气旋,其中爆发偏早和正常年出现热带气旋的频率较高,并且热带气旋多出现在爆发当日和爆发后一段时间。整体来看,亚洲夏季风爆发前,西北太平洋热带气旋活动频率最先开始增强,然后孟加拉湾风暴开始活跃并伴随着孟加拉湾夏季风爆发,夏季风爆发偏早和正常年,孟加拉湾夏季风爆发后,西北太平洋热带气旋再次增强,中国南海夏季风爆发。      

Warm season heavy rainfall events over the Huaihe River Valley and their linkage with wintertime thermal condition of the tropical oceans

Warm season heavy rainfall events over the Huaihe River Valley (HRV) of China are amongst the top causes of agriculture and economic loss in this region. Thus, there is a pressing need for accurate seasonal prediction of HRV heavy rainfall events. This study improves the seasonal prediction of HRV heavy rainfall by implementing a novel rainfall framework, which overcomes the limitation of traditional probability models and advances the statistical inference on HRV heavy rainfall events. The framework is built on a three-cluster Normal mixture model, whose distribution parameters are sampled using Bayesian inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The three rainfall clusters reflect probability behaviors of light, moderate, and heavy rainfall, respectively. Our analysis indicates that heavy rainfall events make the largest contribution to the total amount of seasonal precipitation. Furthermore, the interannual variation of summer precipitation is attributable to the variation of heavy rainfall frequency over the HRV. The heavy rainfall frequency, in turn, is influenced by sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the north Indian Ocean, equatorial western Pacific, and the tropical Atlantic. The tropical SSTAs modulate the HRV heavy rainfall events by influencing atmospheric circulation favorable for the onset and maintenance of heavy rainfall events. Occurring 5 months prior to the summer season, these tropical SSTAs provide potential sources of prediction skill for heavy rainfall events over the HRV. Using these preceding SSTA signals, we show that the support vector machine algorithm can predict HRV heavy rainfall satisfactorily. The improved prediction skill has important implication for the nation’s disaster early warning system.     

高等工程专科工程测量专业教学改革试点方案

介绍根据我国工程测量的现状与发展趋势和人才需求,制定的工程测量专业教学改革试点方案,其中包括：教学改革目标与指导思想,毕业生培养目标与业务规格,课程体系与教学内容改革,以及教学基础项目建设与改革等。