Joint Propagating Patterns of SST and SLP Anomalies in the North Pacific on Bidecadal and Pentadecadal Timescales

Wavelet analyses are applied to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index and North Pacific index for the period 1900-2000, which identifies two dominant interdecadal components, the bidecadal (15-25-yr) and pentadecadal (50-70-yr) modes. Joint propagating patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the North Pacific for the two modes are revealed by using the techniques of multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) and linear regression analysis with the global sea surface temperature (GISST) data and the northern hemispheric SLP data for the common period 1903-1998. Significant differences in spatio-temporal structures are found between the two modes.For the bidecadal mode, SST anomalies originating from the Gulf of Alaska appear to slowly spread southwestward, inducing a reversal of early SST anomalies in the central North Pacific. Due to further westward spreading, the SST variation of the central North Pacific leads that of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (KOE) region by approximately 4 to 5 years. Concomitantly, SLP anomalies spread over most parts of the North Pacific during the mature phase and then change into an NPO(North Pacific Oscillation)-like pattern during the transition phase. For the pentadecadal mode, SST anomalies develop in the southeast tropical Pacific and propagate along the North American coast to the mid-latitudes; meanwhile,SST anomalies with the same polarity in the western tropical Pacific expand northward to Kuroshio and its extension region; both merge into the central North Pacific reversing the sign of early SST anomalies there.Accompanying SLP anomalies are characterized by an NPO-like pattern during the mature phase while they are dominant over the North Pacific during the transitional phase. The bidecadal and pentadecadal modes have different propagating Patterns, suggesting that the two interdecadal modes may arise from different physical mechanisms.     

洞庭湖流域下落雨滴蒸发研究

通过在亚热带季风区内的洞庭湖流域对降水事件取样以及气象资料的收集,采用降水同位素对流域下落雨滴蒸发以及影响因素进行了研究。研究发现：流域不同季节大气水线的理论斜率均高于观测斜率,由此可判断形成流域降水的雨滴在下落过程中经历了不同程度的蒸发。进一步计算表明流域下落雨滴的蒸发比率介于0.21%~19.29%之间,蒸发比每增大1.0%,过量氘（d）将减小1.38‰。从主要影响下落雨滴蒸发的气温、湿度和雨滴直径来看,流域下落雨滴蒸发与气温呈显著正相关,与相对湿度、雨滴直径呈显著负相关。另外,流域下落雨滴蒸发随降水量增大呈指数函数递减,其并非指示降水量直接影响雨滴的蒸发,而是湿度、雨滴直径等综合作用的结果。     

CINRAD/SA雷达故障分析

分析连云港站CINRAD／SA天气雷达安装调试及业务运行过程中所出现的故障,通过雷达硬件和软件两方面来剖析各类故障成因,由此提出相应的解决方法和措施。这些方法和措施在雷达维护和保障实际工作中取得了良好的效果,大大减少CINRAD／SA雷达的故障率。     

Assimilating process context information of cellular automata into change detection for monitoring land use changes

This article presents a new method of assimilating process context information into change detection for monitoring land use changes. The accurate information about land use changes is important for implementing many global and regional environmental models. Two types of models have been independently developed to obtain such information, including change detection models (e.g. pixel-to-pixel comparison, post-classification comparison and object-based change analysis) and simulation models (e.g. cellular automata (CA) and agent-based modelling). These models may have limitations in capturing land use dynamics when used alone. In this study, the ensemble Kalman filter is used to obtain the best estimate of land use changes by combining remote-sensing observations with urban simulation. Urban simulation is able to provide process context information such as diffusion and coalescence of urban development. This type of complementary information is useful for improving the performance of change detection. Compared with traditional change detection models, this integrated model has the potential to improve the performance of change detection in terms of accuracies and landscape metrics. For example, the assimilating (MLC + CA) method can show improvement of the total accuracy and the kappa coefficient by 2.5–5.2% and 3.6–7.4%, respectively, in this study.     

认识生态未知物:用统计系统方法研究生物多样性

包括变性梯度凝胶电泳实验、16S rDNA克隆库、DNA生物芯片在内的分子生物学技术表明在自然环境中物种存在极端多样性。这些种类绝大多数都是不可培养的,不能完全了解其特征。通常运用Shannon和Simpson的经验参数来评估多样性。这些参数依赖于样品的大小r不可靠。目前3种有效途径,即参数评估、非参数评估和系统多样性评估来解决生物多样性问题,同时和分子学技术相结合,三者可以增加种群数以及多样性评估的正确性,并可以在不同群落间进行严格比照。     

印度洋偶极子研究进展回顾

印度洋偶极子是热带印度洋中重要的年际变率之一,对印度洋周边国家乃至全球的气候有着重要的影响,关于其形成机制及气候影响的研究对于气候预测具有重要意义.主要回顾了近10年印度洋偶极子的相关研究进展,包括印度洋偶极子的基本特征、与热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动之间的关系、与亚洲夏季风之间的关系、对全球气候的影响以及全球变暖背景下的变化等.印度洋偶极子与热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动之间的关系体现为二者之间是相互影响的,但不同类型的印度洋偶极子对热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动的影响机制尚不明确,还需进一步的研究.印度洋偶极子与亚洲夏季风之间的关系体现为二者之间存在强烈的相互作用,印度洋偶极子与印度洋东部夏季风环流之间存在相互促进作用,而印度洋偶极子与印度夏季风环流之间的相互作用尚需进一步研究.此外,研究表明全球变暖背景下极端正印度洋偶极子的发生将增多,同时极端印度洋偶极子对我国极端气候事件的发生有着重要影响.以往的研究主要集中于单独的印度洋偶极子或印度洋偶极子和热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动的结合对我国极端气候的影响,而印度洋偶极子与中高纬环流系统或泛热带海洋之间的协同作用对我国极端气候事件的影响还亟需相关研究.对印度洋偶极子的系统性回顾可为未来印度洋偶极子的研究提供一定的科学基础.     

新疆东准噶尔地区构造演化及主要成矿期

笔者认为东准噶尔地区曾是古新疆克拉通的一部分,只是到了泥盆纪才演化成大洋。值得特别提出的是,大洋消失之后,经历了残留海盆阶段才开始碰撞造山。碰撞期后的岩浆作用和板内裂陷作用在该区特别发育,而且形成相关的内生金属矿产。以大型内陆盆地沉降和山脉隆升为特征的陆内造山作用标志着大陆克拉通化的最终完成。成矿期与构造演化密切相关,自老而新划分了6个成矿期。     

用X射线荧光方法测定薄层、镀层和涂层厚度

本文提出用特征 X射线的发射和吸收来测定薄层或表面涂层的厚度。从理论上解决了最佳能量的选择问题 ,使薄层厚度测定的检出下限大幅度优化。并通过实践证明了方法的可靠性和实用性     

长江三角洲区域性暴雨的统计诊断分析

利用1954年～1983年5月～8月气象资料,统计了影响长江三角洲地区的区域性暴雨类型。分析了1962年14号强台风的路径、暴雨落区以及产生暴雨的气象条件。诊断结果表明,有利大气环流形势、台风倒槽辐合线、低空东南急流、上升运动和强大的水汽通量与通量辐合是产生"6214"台风大暴雨的重要条件。     

Three Cobalt-Rich Seamount Crust Reference Materials: GSMC-1 to 3

A research project involving the preparation of three Co-rich crust reference materials (GSMC-1 to 3) has been preliminarily completed. The samples were collected from the eastern and central Pacific seamount zones and their main chemical composition is MnO₂. After the raw materials were dried in ambient air and at low temperature (60-100 C), they were ground in a ball mill to form a well-mixed powder. The proportion of particle size fractions of < 74 μm and < 3 μm was over 98% and 50% respectively. The homogeneity of the materials was tested using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF). The relative standard deviation (% RSD) of the measurements for all the selected elements in forty sub-samples randomly taken from the bottles was less than 0.4%. Sixteen laboratories from Germany, Russia, France, Australia and China participated in the collaborative analysis programme. Fifty seven elements or constituents were analysed, and among those, forty six elements were certified in each sample. The sum of contents of the major and minor elements or components was 99.5% for GSMC-1, 99.6% for GSMC-2 and 99.2% for GSMC-3.