Vertical Structures of Convective and Stratiform Clouds in Boreal Summer over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Neighboring Regions

Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d^?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models.     

Numerical Simulation of a Sea Breeze Under Dominant Synoptic Conditions at Perth

Summary  The development and movement of sea breezes under the influence of a thermally induced synoptic coastal trough and coastal terrain are simulated. These simulations are analyzed in the context of an extensive observational data set. The synoptic trough acts to determine the presence and intensity of the sea breeze through the advection of warm air in the surface layer whereas local topography acts to enhance the breeze and turn the low-level flow. Interaction between the sea breeze circulation and the trough assists trough movement across the coastline. Received June 16, 1999/Revised November 3, 1999     

淮河梅雨洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压季节推进异常

基于台站观测和卫星观测资料及再分析数据集,本文研究了6月淮河洪涝发生时中国东部降雨型及与雨带异常相联系的环流特征、环流的季节推进异常及其机理.结果发现6月淮河流域洪涝与亚洲环流和中国东部降水联合模态的第二模态密切相关.该模态在我国东部降水表现为以长江为界北增南减的“梅雨偶极型”分布,对应的低层风场呈现出倾斜的以台湾为界,以南西太平洋是异常气旋环流,以北为反气旋环流,即西太平洋副热带高压偏北,淮河流域上存在异常西南风;同时阿拉伯海上是异常反气旋,印度上空西风偏强、降水显著偏多.这些特征是东亚和西太平洋季风区季节推进超前的反映,且与前期春季澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量异常偏高显著相关.该关键区海洋热含量变化是太平洋热含量变化第一模态——三极型变化的一部分,即当菲律宾以东的西太平洋和澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量增加,赤道中东太平洋热含量减少.该三极型海洋热含量异常从春到夏信号稳定,它激发正感热加热异常控制菲律宾以东到夏威夷以北的广大热带—副热带西太平洋地区,其北侧黑潮延伸区为负感热区.两者共同作用激发出局地反气旋在北、气旋在南,使对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压偏北.因此春季三极型海洋热含量通过影响对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压异常北移对东亚—西太平洋季节推进提前和6月淮河梅雨洪涝发生起重要作用,可作为季节预测的前期因子之一.     

中国东部地区夏季降水和环流的年代际转型及其与PDO的联系

利用1951—2013年全国160个测站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和NOAA全球月平均海表温度等资料,分析了中国东部地区夏季降水的年代际转型及相关大气环流变化。研究结果表明,1970s中后期和1990s PDO两次位相转换给中国东部地区夏季降水带来显著的年代际变化,前者使得东亚夏季风进一步减弱,夏季雨带南退至长江中下游地区,后者使得东亚夏季风恢复增强,雨带北移至淮河流域。进一步研究发现,1990s PDO年代际突变导致东亚夏季大气环流场发生显著变化,贝加尔湖地区增暖导致向北的经向温度梯度增大以及副热带高压的东退北抬是导致1990s东部地区夏季降水年代际变化的可能原因。     

Comparisons of Soil Moisture Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and Application to the Simulation of Asia Summer Monsoon Onset

The influence of soil moisture on Asian monsoon simulation/prediction was less studied, partly due to a lack of available and reliable soil moisture datasets. In this study, we firstly compare several soil moisture datasets over the Tibetan Plateau, and find that the remote sensing products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) can capture realistic temporal variations of soil moisture better than the two reanalyses (NCEP and ECMWF) during the pre-monsoon season...     

基于高密度电阻率法综合反演研究——以摩岗岭滑坡体勘察为例

以摩岗岭滑坡勘查为例,通过高密电法二维剖面反演,能够清晰地反映滑坡体各层位及其相应的深度,有效地确定滑带的深度及厚度,确定基岩面埋深,指导钻探的位置及深度。通过三维高密度电阻率法反演,可对不同（二维）切片进行分析,有效了解整个滑坡体的基本特征。通过对低阻异常体的立体显示,更宏观地表达滑坡体的三维特征,可以对滑坡体规模进行预测。     

Assessment of precipitation and drought variability in the Weihe River Basin,China

The amount and distribution of precipitation play crucial roles in the occurrence of drought in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), China. Using the precipitation data (1960–2010) of 21 meteorological stations, the spatial and temporal characteristics of short-, medium-, and long-term droughts on 3-, 6-, and 12-month time scales, respectively, were examined using the theory of runs and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The trends of the drought characteristics were analyzed by a modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test method. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the SPI at different time scales was conducted. The results showed that (1) the main drought type was moderate drought, which occurred frequently in July and October; (2) the drought intensity and frequency were highest in the 1990s, and the drought severity and drought duration in the northwest was more serious than that in the east; (3) an increasing trend of short droughts appeared mainly in the spring and fall; an increasing trend of medium droughts mainly occurred in the 1990s and that of long-term droughts were mainly presented in the northwest region of the WRB; (4) SPI-3 can better reflect precipitation in the current month, SPI-6 has an advantage in characterizing drought persistence, and SPI-12 performs well in capturing extraordinary droughts; and (5) it was also observed that there is a strong relation between the precipitation distribution and drought zones in the basin, and the drought conditions changed continuously with the seasons depending upon the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation .     

大洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质研制工作简述

简要介绍了太平洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质研制中的总体设计、样品加工、均匀性检验、多实验室合作分析、数据处理以及最佳值确定。重点讨论了标准物质均匀性的定量评价与表达及其相应的测量方法。     

北祁连造山带西段的外来移置体

北祁连造山带西段发育有许多外来移置体,本文论述了其物质组成,构造样式、运动学及动力地征。揭示了研究外来移置体对正确重造山带构造演化的重要意义。     

哈尔滨工程高等专科学校测绘专业的师资队伍建设

阐述高等工程专科测绘专业教师的基本条件,介绍测绘工程系师资队伍的现状,师资队伍建设的方法及取得的成绩,指出了今后的努力方向。