S-101与S-57分类编码对比分析(三):复杂结构

地理要素的分类编码是人类认知地理信息世界的成果,也是人类对地理信息世界再认知的入口和关键。在海洋地理信息领域,S-101数据标准即将替代现行S-57 ENC标准,分类编码方案也将会相应改变。从复杂要素、复杂属性两方面内容,对新旧两套分类编码进行对比分析,为涉海人员消化吸收新标准提供一定的参考。     

青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析

通过对2002年夏季青藏高原那曲地区雷暴过程及闪电观测资料的初步分析,发现该地区雷暴电荷结构具有多样性和复杂性,地闪明显偏少. 对高原地闪的一些基本特征参量的统计分析表明,无论正地闪还是负地闪梯级先导前都具有持续时间较长的云内放电过程,地闪以单次回击为主. 与中低纬度地区相比,高原地闪中正地闪比例明显要高,为33髎;负地闪为67髎;正、负地闪回击后常常伴随短时间的连续电流.     

Dimension and frequency of bar formation in a braided river

This paper presents flume and field observations of a bank-confined braided river. Morphological features, including plan form configuration, channel width, and main channel migration, were examined by a series of experiments. Repeated measurements of channel morphology, provided a basis to estimate the relationship between noncumulative frequency of bars and bar area. Additional results from the Dajia River, located in Central Western Taiwan, were presented to provide a reference data set for comparing the laboratory and field data. The results indicate that the relationship between bar length and width can be predicted by a simple best-fit power function relating to self-similarity characteristics. The Hurst index by Walsh and Hicks (2002) provides acceptable predictions of the bar length and width observed in the experiments and confirmed by the field investigations. Eexperimental and field results both show that large river width yields a uniform distribution of bar areas with the similar discharge, leading to a large value of exponent (β) in the model. The river width is confirmed to be a critical parameter in the main channel shift. A small increase in channel width likely increased rapidly the shift cycle.     

城市热岛效应下浅层土中混凝土的酸腐蚀试验研究

针对城市热岛效应引起城区浅层土地温场升高这一观测结果,采用室内快速模拟试验方法,对城区酸性土壤腐蚀混凝土材料的温度效应开展了试验研究。试验研究了在温度为5℃、20℃和40℃条件下,混凝土试样在酸浓度分别为0%、5%和10%的沙土介质中放置30d、90d后的抗压强度变化规律,并对混凝土试样在腐蚀过程中的腐蚀系数变化规律和微观机理进行了分析;最后,对南京城区热岛效应环境下浅层土中混凝土材料酸腐蚀的强度变化规律进行了分析。试验结果表明,在同一腐蚀浓度下,混凝土试样抗压强度的下降速度随着温度的升高而不断加快,其腐蚀系数也随着温度的升高而不断增大;腐蚀介质的浓度越大,环境温度对混凝土腐蚀系数的影响就越明显;在温度为40℃、硫酸浓度为10%的沙土中放置30 d后,混凝土的腐蚀系数K达到45.21%,约是在5℃条件下腐蚀系数的2倍,相当于环境温度每上升1℃,混凝土腐蚀系数平均增加0.64%。该研究成果对于减轻城市热岛效应对岩土工程的影响具有重要意义。     

Effects of fluid displacement pattern on complex electrical impedance in Berea sandstone over frequency range 104–106 Hz

To better understand the effect of fluid distribution on the electric response of rocks saturated with oil and brine, we conducted experimental studies on the complex electrical impedance in a Berea sandstone, together with in situ acquisitions of oil distribution images employing a high‐resolution medical X‐ray computed tomography. We performed two tests of brine displacement by oil under high (10 MPa) and low (5 MPa) pressures, which were accompanied by fingering and stable displacement patterns, respectively. The measured complex impedance data were fitted to the Cole model to obtain the resistance, capacitance, peak frequency of the imaginary impedance, and the exponent α of the rock–fluid system. With increasing oil saturation, the resistance showed an increasing trend, whereas the other three parameters decreased. The fingering displacement exhibited lower resistance and capacitance than the stable displacement. The analysis of the resistance changes using a simple parallel connection model indicates that there are more components of residual brine in parallel connections in the fingering pattern than in the stable displacement pattern at the same saturation. We also interpreted the normalised changes in the capacitance (or apparent dielectric constant) with respect to the oil saturation via an analysis of the shape factor of fluid distribution based on the Maxwell–Wagner–Brugermann–Hanai model. The changes in the shape factor suggest that the pinch‐off of the brine in parallel connection by the oil is a dominant mechanism reducing the capacitance. In the stable displacement, most of the connections in the brine phase are immediately pinched off by oil displacement front at a local oil saturation of 65%. Conversely, in the fingering displacement, there is a transition from the bulk or layered brine to the pinched‐off at a local oil saturation below 60%. The analyses indicate that the difference in the fluid distribution under different fluid conditions is responsible for the non‐Archie behaviour.     

福建省紫金山矿田龙江亭矿床地质和成矿流体特征及成因意义

龙江亭矿床地处福建省紫金山矿田的西南部,矿体受北西向断裂控制,产于燕山早期中细粒花岗岩中。含矿岩体整体遭受硅化-绢云母化-伊利石化-蒙脱石化,浅部为强硅化-迪开石化,深部保留有钾化;后期蚀变主要分布在地表,为硅化-高岭土化和褐铁矿化,偶见萤石化、重晶石化、石膏化。矿物组合和穿插关系显示,成矿前为无矿石英脉;成矿期脉体矿物组合为石英-绢云母-黄铁矿-铜硫化物;成矿后脉体矿物组合为石英-方解石±石膏。根据矿石组构和铜硫化物类型,成矿期脉体可细分为3个亚类或阶段:早阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿组合,浸染状和网脉浸染状构造,见于矿体深部;中阶段为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-斑铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合,具梳状、胶状或皮壳状构造,见于矿体中部;晚阶段为蓝辉铜矿-铜蓝组合,浸染状或晶簇构造,见于浅部坑道和地表。早阶段脉体矿物含大量富液相包裹体,少量富气相包裹体,均一温度为262~403℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~18.6%,显示中-高温热液的特征;中阶段脉体中的包裹体几乎全部均一到液相,完全均一温度为201~302℃,峰值为250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.2%~10.1%,总体显示中-低温热液的特征;晚阶段包裹体全部均一到液相,均一温度为117~250℃,w(Na Cleq)介于0.4%~9.5%之间,表现出低温、低盐度大气降水热液的特征。根据蚀变类型确定成矿期logf(O2)=-42~-38,p H值=3~5;根据金属矿物组合估算出中阶段logf(S2)=-9±,晚阶段logf(S2)=-6.5±。龙江亭矿床硫逸度-温度变化规律不同于世界上其他岩浆-流体成矿系统,可能经历了2次成矿事件,后期的高硫型浅成低温热液成矿作用叠加在早期的斑岩型矿床之上,一方面造成了复杂多样的蚀变类型、矿物组合和矿石组构,另一方面继承、残留了斑岩型矿床的特征。因此,其属于叠合成因的斑岩型-浅成低温热液型矿床,而非斑岩型与浅成低温热液型之间的过渡。     

青海循化盆地晚更新世沉积序列与古气候

河流阶地作为河谷中常见地貌, 其堆积物特征对气候变化过程研究具有重要的意义.通过对循化黄河Ⅲ级阶地剖面沉积特征、粒度、磁化率、孢粉以及光释光测年的研究, 初步厘定循化黄河Ⅲ级阶地形成时代为75 ka.循化盆地晚更新世气候演化可以大致划分为6个阶段: 120~114 ka, 气候暖湿; 114~105 ka, 气候较为干冷; 105~98 ka, 气候较暖湿; 98~85 ka, 气候转为温凉; 85~75 ka, 气候暖湿; 75~63 ka, 气候干冷.这6个阶段分别与MIS5e-4段相对应.      

黑龙江省中西部地球排气与地震活动的探讨

本文根据近两年来在黑龙江省中西部沿断裂带逸出的H2、CO、H2S等还原性气体组合,结合C、H、S、He、Ar同位素研究,讨论了还原性气体组合的深源特征。在此基础上以安达地震为例,作者阐明了以氢气为首的还原性气体逸出与深部构造背景及其与地震的关系。深源还原性气体的逸出孕育着地壳不稳定的因素,有诱发地震和其他自然灾害的可能。地球排气作用与地震作用关系的研究在类似黑龙江省中西部大面积被第四系覆盖的地区是地震预报较为有效的手段。     

Distribution and number change of the Littorinid(Gastropoda) on intertidal hard bed in the Jiulong Estuary, Fujian Province

-Among four species of Littorinid, Littorina scabra, L. brevicula, Nodiliitorina millegrana and N. pyramidalis pyramidalis, on the hard intertidal zone in the Jiulong Estuary, Fujian, L. scabra has the most extensive distribution both vertically and horizontally, and the highest anual average density. The uppermost limit of vertical distribution of N. pyramidalis pyramidalis is higher than the other three Littorinid. Desiccation is a main factor affecting the uppermost limit of vertical distribution of the Littorinid. The increasing wave action will raise the uppermost limit vertical distribution of Littorinid. With seasonal changes, the densities of the Littorinid also change in different tidal zonations. Difference in salinity is the main factor affecting the horizontal distribution of the Littorinid in the estuary.     

基于数据挖掘的渤海湾水生态环境特性研究

由于水生态环境数据的数量、覆盖范围和复杂性都在飞快地增长,如何科学、有效地利用这些数据,从中获取潜在有用的信息,成为水生态环境研究的重要问题.通过对多种海洋数据挖掘技术方法的综合分析,以渤海湾为研究背景,利用海洋环境卫星遥感数据,对渤海湾水生态环境特性进行了一系列的数据挖掘研究.利用k-means算法分别对2008和2009年渤海湾的生态环境遥感数据进行了聚类分析;利用Apriori关联规则算法对聚类离散化处理后的渤海湾生态环境遥感数据进行了关联分析.利用CART算法对2008和2009年渤海湾生态环境遥感数据进行了决策树分析.