Following up our previous analysis of cyclotron radiation in anisotropic plasmas, we derived expression for the power received at a far field point per unit frequency range along the group velocity direction dP(, )/d. We then carry out a series of numerical analysis presenting the spectral features rather than directional features of cyclotron radiation. In particular, we analyse the power received per unit solid angle per unit frequency range d2P(, )/(d d). It is expected the analysis result presented here can be compared directly with observation for parameters pertaining to astrophysical plasmas in stellar and terrestrial atmospheres. 相似文献
A number of authors have reported the problem of unrealistic velocities (“rogue trajectories”) when computing the paths of
particles in a turbulent flow using modern Lagrangian stochastic (LS) models, and have resorted to ad hoc interventions. We
suggest that this problem stems from two causes: (1) unstable modes that are intrinsic to the dynamical system constituted
by the generalized Langevin equations, and whose actual triggering (expression) is conditional on the fields of the mean velocity
and Reynolds stress tensor and is liable to occur in complex, disturbed flows (which, if computational, will also be imperfect
and discontinuous); and, (2) the “stiffness” of the generalized Langevin equations, which implies that the simple stochastic
generalization of the Euler scheme usually used to integrate these equations is not sufficient to keep round-off errors under
control. These two causes are connected, with the first cause (dynamical instability) exacerbating the second (numerical instability);
removing the first cause does not necessarily correct the second, and vice versa. To overcome this problem, we introduce a
fractional-step integration scheme that splits the velocity increment into contributions that are linear (Ui) and nonlinear (UiUj) in the Lagrangian velocity fluctuation vector U, the nonlinear contribution being further split into its diagonal and off-diagonal parts. The linear contribution and the
diagonal part of the nonlinear contribution to the solution are computed exactly (analytically) over a finite timestep Δt, allowing any dynamical instabilities in the system to be diagnosed and removed, and circumventing the numerical instability
that can potentially result in integrating stiff equations using the commonly applied explicit Euler scheme. We contrast results
using this and the primitive Euler integration scheme for computed trajectories in a drastically inhomogeneous urban canopy
flow. 相似文献
We report on measurements of the near-field dispersion of contaminant plumes in a large array of building-like obstacles at three scales; namely, at full-scale in a field experiment, at 1:50 scale in a wind-tunnel simulation, and at 1:205 scale in a water-channel simulation. Plume concentration statistics extracted from the physical modelling in the wind-tunnel and water-channel simulations are compared to those obtained from a field experiment. The modification of the detailed structure of the plume as it interacts with the obstacles is investigated. To this purpose, measurements of the evolution of the mean concentration, concentration fluctuation intensity, concentration probability density function, and integral time scale of concentration fluctuations in the array plume obtained from the field experiment and the scaled wind-tunnel and water-channel experiments are reported and compared, as well as measurements of upwind and within-array velocity spectra. Generally, the wind-tunnel and water-channel results on the modification of the detailed plume structure by the obstacles were qualitatively similar to those observed in the field experiments. However, with the appropriate scaling, the water-channel simulations were able to reproduce quantitatively the results of the full-scale field experiments better than the wind-tunnel simulations. 相似文献
To study the impacts of climate change on water resources in the western U.S., global climate simulations were produced using the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy (NCAR/DOE) Parallel Climate Model (PCM). The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to downscale the PCM control (20 years) and three future(2040–2060) climate simulations to yield ensemble regional climate simulations at 40 km spatial resolution for the western U.S. This paper describes the regional simulations and focuses on the hydroclimate conditions in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) and Sacramento-San Joaquin River (SSJ) Basin. Results based on global and regional simulations show that by mid-century, the average regional warming of 1 to 2.5 °C strongly affects snowpack in the western U.S. Along coastal mountains, reduction in annual snowpack was about70% as indicated by the regional simulations. Besides changes in mean temperature, precipitation, and snowpack, cold season extreme daily precipitation increased by 5 to 15 mm/day (15–20%) along theCascades and the Sierra. The warming resulted in increased rainfall at the expense of reduced snowfall, and reduced snow accumulation (or earlier snowmelt) during the cold season. In the CRB, these changes were accompanied by more frequent rain-on-snow events. Overall, they induced higher likelihood of wintertime flooding and reduced runoff and soil moisture in the summer. Changes in surface water and energy budgets in the CRB and SSJ basin were affected mainly by changes in surface temperature, which were statistically significant at the 0.95 confidence level. Changes in precipitation, while spatially incoherent, were not statistically significant except for the drying trend during summer. Because snow and runoff are highly sensitive tospatial distributions of temperature and precipitation, this study shows that (1) downscaling provides more realistic estimates of hydrologic impacts in mountainous regions such as the western U.S., and (2) despite relatively small changes in temperature and precipitation, changes in snowpack and runoff can be much larger on monthly to seasonal time scales because the effects of temperature and precipitation are integrated over time and space through various surface hydrological and land-atmosphere feedback processes. Although the results reported in this study were derived from an ensemble of regional climate simulations driven by a global climate model that displays low climate sensitivity compared with most other models, climate change was found to significantly affect water resources in the western U.S. by the mid twenty-first century. 相似文献
Paleofield intensity determinations involving a comparison of the stable natural remanence (NRM) component with a laboratory thermoremanence (TRM) were carried out on nine chondrites selected in Brecher and Fuhrman (1979a, this issue, hereafter called Paper I), as well as on two manifestly unsuitable controls. To judge their reliability: (1) heat-alteration was monitored by comparing saturation coercivity spectra before and after heating; and (2) the NRM and TRM intensity and stability were compared to those of residual magnetization following zero-field cooling (TRM0) from above the Curie point of kamacite (Ni---Fe). The latter criterion separates the role of an external magnetic field (of 0.43 Oe) at cooling from intrinsic contributions to magnetic grain alignments, due to accretionary, metamorphic or shock-oriented petrofabrics.
In some chondrites (e.g., Brownfield, H3B; Holyoke, H4C; Farley, H5A), a surprisingly large (10% NRM) and stable TRM0 proved so similar to NRM and TRM, that sizeable spurious “paleofields” — comparable to paleointensities obtained — were derived by the standard method for zero-field cooling. In other chondrites, with negligible TRM0 (1% of NRM) and irregular AF demagnetization curves, more reliable paleofield strengths in the range 0.01–0.09 Oe were obtained (e.g., Cavour, H6C). These seem representative of magnetic fields at the end of metamorphism intervals (107 years after accretion) and/or at post-shock cooling. Thus, field strengths obtained from ordinary chondrites are typically weaker (by factors of 10–100) than those reliably determined from carbonaceous chondrites and ureilites, suggesting temporal decay of nebular magnetic fields, from the end of accretion until the end of metamorphism and early catastrophic-collisional stages. 相似文献
The level of total hydrocarbon in three chosen sites in Hong Kong was determined over a period of 8 months, September 1977 to April 1978. The range of hydrocarbon content is 3.67 ppb to 11.98 ppb. The level of hydrocarbon in Pacific Ocean is 0.016 ppb. The oil pollution in Hong Kong shoreline waters is 230–750 times higher than deep ocean water, but the level is not yet hazardous. 相似文献
Two major cohesionless soil series of the central Coast Ranges of Oregon were examined for soil and hydrologic properties.
Although derived from different parent material, the Bohannon and Klickitat series exhibited nearly identical values of soil
and hydrologic properties. Aggregation in both soils was found to be the most important property, for it influences shear
strength and subsurface water movement, prime components of slope stability. The unusually high angle of internal friction
of both cohesionless soils was 40° to 41°. The angle of internal friction was affected significantly by the mode of wetting.
Subsurface water movement was predominantly by unsaturated flow. The influence of soil aggregation on pore-size distribution
and arrangement created conditions where unsaturated flow was an effective means for water dispersal in both soils during
most observed storm events. Considering the large area covered by these two soil series, aggregation appears to be an important
slope-stability property with regional significance. 相似文献
Summary Stability analysis of rock blocks that may be formed by excavating jointed rock masses is traditionally performed using the stereographic projection technique. However, such technique is prone to human errors, and existing alternative analytical methods are rather tedious and time consuming. In this paper, a computer aided approach is proposed with the prime objective that the entire analysis is automated on a microcomputer. Computer aided design features such as determination of discontinuity orientation based on borehole data, stability analysis of rock blocks involving multiple discontinuity sets, and determination of optimum excavation direction, optimum plunge of rock reinforcement and the most critical direction of earthquake force are provided. 相似文献