近50a来青海水文要素变化特征分析

对青海省境内降水、径流、水面蒸发站观测资料的分析,结果显示年降水量在昆仑山、巴颜喀拉山、达板山以北,阿尼玛卿山、日月山以西的地区呈增加的趋势,且以柴达木盆地增幅较大,以东的黄河流域降水略有减少;以南的长江流域变化趋势不明显.年径流量在柴达木盆地南部、昆仑山北麓呈较明显增加的趋势,盆地北部诸河、长江流域、大通河变化趋势不明显,其它地区包括青海湖、黄河及其支流(不含大通河)呈减少的趋势.水面蒸发量除个别站点外,呈明显下降的态势,而且减幅较大,下降的幅度西部地区大于东部地区.与此对应是全省的干旱指数明显变小,湿润程度有所增加.     

构造高差分析原理及其在地学研究中的应用

构造高差分析是构造解析及平衡剖面制作与恢复的基础.长期以来,构造高差并没有一个严格的定义,也缺乏原理性描述;构造高差分析也主要局限在构造地貌和地形高差的分析.本文在分析前人有关构造解析、地貌高差和构造高差研究的基础上,提出构造高程概念,将构造高差定义为构造高程之差,拓展了构造高差的内涵;并将构造高程定义为地质点所在构造...     

A self‐consistent approach for micro–macro modeling of elastic–plastic deformation in polycrystalline geomaterials

This paper is devoted to multi‐scale modeling of elastic–plastic deformation of a class of geomaterials with a polycrystalline microstructure. We have extended and improved the simplified polycrystalline model presented in [Zeng T. et al., 2014. Mech. Mater. 69 (1):132–145]. A rigorous and fully consistent self‐consistent (SC) scheme is proposed to describe the interaction among plastic mineral grains. We have also deeply discussed the numerical issues related to the numerical implementation of the proposed micromechanical model. The efficiency of the proposed model and the related numerical procedure is evaluated in several representative cases. We have compared the numerical results respectively obtained from the fully SC model and two simplified ones. It is found that the SC model produces a softer stress–strain response than that of the simplified models. The comparisons between the estimation of overall behavior of a granite in different loading conditions and experimental data are also conducted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A micromechanical modeling of ductile behavior of a porous chalk: Formulation,identification, and validation

Porosity strongly affects the overall ductile behavior of cohesive geomaterials undergoing plastic deformation. In the present paper, we proposed an original micromechanical approach that suitably couples Drucker–Prager‐type plasticity, evolving porosity under general triaxial loadings. The resulting model has the advantage to be based on a single macroscopic yield function, which also plays the role of plastic potential. It is shown that this yield function is particularly appropriate to account for the pore collapse and plastic shearing mechanisms that govern the mechanical behavior of the studied Lixhe chalk. Finally, the new model is implemented and validated by comparison to triaxial tests data, covering a wide range of confining pressures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coalescence of Fractures Under Uni-axial Compression and Fatigue Loading

In this paper, white Portland cement was used as an experimental material. Prismatic specimens with pre-existing flaws at different angles of inclination (α) varying through 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° to 90° and cylindrical specimens with different numbers of pre-existing flaws (n) varying through 0, 1, 2 to 3 were tested under uni-axial compression tests. Crack initiation, propagation, coalescence, and failure were observed. The corresponding analytical expression for the stress intensity factor under uni-axial compression was derived, the coefficient of friction and the stress intensity factor of the specimens on the surfaces of the crack were analysed, and the corrective coefficient for the stress intensity factor was introduced. Fatigue tests with a loading frequency of f = 100 Hz were carried out on cylindrical specimens with constant amplitude of the cyclic load which is a proportion of the compressive load at failure (F _f) obtained from the uni-axial compression tests. The fatigue property of the specimens was analysed and the relationship (S _max − lg N _f) between the maximum stress and the number of loading cycles at failure for specimens with pre-existing flaws was proposed. The effect of pre-existing flaws on the fatigue life (N _f) and dynamic load (S _D) which can be applied was investigated.     

定量分析青狮潭水库对漓江生态环境的影响

以漓江上游现有的青狮潭大型水库为依据,采用IHA和RVA方法分析了33个水文指标的变化程度,揭示水库调节对漓江生态环境的影响。结果表明:水库调节能够明显增加枯水期12月、1月和2月的月平均流量,增加值为4.5~12.3m3/s;可使得年最小1d流量与年最大1d流量间隔时间变宽,增加45d,但对年最小连续1d、3d和7d的极端水文条件改善不明显;高流量脉冲历时有所增加,低流量脉冲历时减小,日均流量平均增加率和减少率均减小;漓江水文情势整体改变度为中度。漓江水利工程调节既要满足旅游通航需要,也应重视极端枯水期的调节。     

A preliminary analysis of the formation of travertine and travertine cones in the Jifei hot spring,Yunnan, China

The Jifei hot spring emerges in the form of a spring group in the Tibet–Yunnan geothermal zone, southwest of Yunnan Province, China. The temperatures of spring waters range from 35 to 81°C and are mainly of HCO₃–Na·Ca type. The total discharge of the hot spring is about 10 L/s. The spring is characterized by its huge travertine terrace with an area of about 4,000 m² and as many as 18 travertine cones of different sizes. The tallest travertine cone is as high as 7.1 m. The travertine formation and evolution can be divided into three periods: travertine terrace deposition period, travertine cone formation period and death period. The hydrochemical characteristics of the Jifei hot spring was analyzed and compared with a local non-travertine hot spring and six other famous travertine springs. The results indicate that the necessary hydrochemical conditions of travertine and travertine cones deposition in the Jifei area are (1) high concentration of HCO₃ ⁻ and CO₂; (2) about 52.9% deep source CO₂ with significantly high value; (3) very high milliequivalent percentage of HCO₃ ⁻ (97.4%) with not very high milliequivalent percentage of Ca²⁺ (24.4%); and (4) a large saturation index of calcite and aragonite of the hot water.     

The Tilt between Acretion Disk and Stellar Disk

The orientations of the accretion disk of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the stellar disk of its host galaxy are both determined by the angular momentum of their forming gas, but on very different physical environments and spatial scales. Here we show the evidence that the orientation of the stellar disk is correlated with the accretion disk by comparing the inclinations of the stellar disks of a large sample of Type 2 AGNs selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS, York et al. 2000) to a control galaxy sample. Given that the Type 2 AGN fraction is in the range of 70–90 percent for low luminosity AGNs as a priori, we find that the mean tilt between the accretion disk and stellar disk is ~ 30 degrees (Shen et al. 2010).     

An extreme learning machine approach for slope stability evaluation and prediction

This paper presents slope stability evaluation and prediction with the approach of a fast robust neural network named the extreme learning machine (ELM). The circular failure mechanism of a slope is formulated based on its material, geometrical and environmental parameters such as the unit weight, the cohesion, the internal friction angle, the slope inclination, slope height and the pore water ratio. The ELM is proposed to evaluate the stability of slopes subjected to potential circular failures by means of prediction of the factor of safety (FS). Substantial slope cases collected worldwide are utilized to illustrate and assess the capability and predictability of the ELM on slope stability analysis. Based on the mean absolute percentage errors and the correlation coefficients between the original and predicted FS values, comparisons are demonstrated between the ELM and the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) as well as the prediction models generated from the genetic algorithms. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of the slope parameters and the ELM model parameters is carried out based on the two utilized evaluation functions. The time expense of the ELM on slope stability analysis is also investigated. The results prove that the ELM is advantageous to the GRNN and the genetic algorithm based models in the analysis of slope stability. Hence, the ELM can be a promising technique for approaching the problems in geotechnical engineering.