人地系统耦合框架下的生态系统服务

生态系统服务是连接自然环境与人类福祉的桥梁,是人地系统耦合研究的核心内容。本文在构建生态系统服务与人地系统耦合研究框架的基础上,系统梳理了生态系统服务评估、生态系统服务权衡、生态系统服务影响因素、生态系统服务供给流动与需求等研究前沿,提出了未来生态系统服务研究的重点领域。主要研究结论认为：①国际生态系统服务模型发展迅速,SAORES模型是中国生态系统服务模型优化与参数本地化的突出代表;②生态系统服务权衡具有相对复杂的时空尺度,权衡分析的前提是辨析不同尺度生态系统结构—过程—功能—服务的作用机制;③自然因素是生态系统服务时空分布的基础,土地利用能改变生态系统结构、功能与生态系统服务变化,社会经济因素会导致生态系统服务权衡的差异;④为明晰生态系统服务供给与需求耦合关系,需进一步识别生态系统服务流的运移路径;⑤未来生态系统服务研究需加强生态系统服务对全球变化的响应特征和机制分析、面向可持续发展目标的生态系统服务供给流动与需求研究、生态系统服务的动态评价集成与优化、生态系统服务与人地系统耦合、生态系统服务与大数据集成等。     

Spatiotemporal change of carbon storage in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi,based on the In VEST Model

In recent years, land use and land cover have under gone tremendous change on the Loess Plateau, leading to temporal and spatial variation over many ecological factors, such as carbon storage. Based on four series of land-use data from remote-sensing imaging, spatiotemporal changes of land-use types and volume changes were analyzed. Combined with carbon-stock-assessment modules of the In VEST(integrated valuation ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, the carbon-storage change was estimated and analyzed at the subcounty and subbasin scales. The results show that(1) cultivated land and grassland area decreased, while woodland and urban land area increased in northern Shaanxi;(2) the average carbon storage in Huangling County and the Beiluo River Basin is the largest, while that of Yuyang County and the Xinshui River Basin is the minimum, and that of Wuqi County showed the greatest growth;(3) carbon storage in the study area showed a definite decrease in 2000, but in general has increased from 1995 to 2010;(4) carbon-storage figures of subbasins and counties are all restricted by the natural status and land-use landscape of the whole study area. From the results,it can be seen that the effect of ecological policies is remarkable. This study has important implications for the rational planning of land use, adjustment of the ecosystem carbon cycle, and related policies.     

Assessing the effects of oyster/kelp weight ratio on water column properties: an experimental IMTA study at Sanggou Bay,China

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is an effective method for sustainable aquaculture as species from different trophic levels could reduce negative...     

Analysis of the typhoon wave distribution simulated in WAVEWATCH- III model in the context of Kuroshio and wind-induced current

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - To investigate the relationship between surface currents and wave distributions in typhoons, we took the Typhoon Talim in 2017 as a case, and found that the...     

科学数据共享实践：以国家地球系统科学数据中心为例

地球系统科学是一门综合性交叉学科,起源于全球变化研究,受益于遥感技术进步,现已进入大数据时代,人工智能技术成为解决地球系统科学前沿问题的新手段。科学数据共享是推动科学发展、提升数据价值的关键,经过长期的探索和实践,全球已形成完善的数据资源管理政策与机制、持续的数据共享服务体系、多元化的科学数据整合模式,并且新的理念不断推动数据共享创新发展,其中“可发现、可访问、可互操作和可重用”原则和数据出版备受推崇。我国颁布了国家层面的政策法规,着重推动国家级科学数据中心建设、科技项目数据资源汇交及数据出版。借鉴国外数据共享经验,结合国内实际发展情况,我国探索出具有中国特色的地球系统科学数据资源分类体系,在元数据、分布式互操作、大数据分析和共享服务等关键技术方面都取得了重大突破。本文以国家地球系统科学数据中心为例,系统梳理了国内地球系统科学领域的数据共享实践进展,详细介绍了国家在地球系统科学领域的数据共享实践及其成效。国家地球系统科学数据共享工作已探索形成成熟稳定的运行服务机制、研制出适用于多源分散地球系统科学数据的标准体系、 建成多学科多时空尺度的地球系统科学数据库群、自主研发海量异构数据共享网络技术体系与服务系统,促进了地球系统科学的科学发展,同时也推动了数据共享理念的传播与推广。然而,数据孤岛现象、共享服务系统标准化程度低、系统技术标准未对接国际规范等问题仍然较为突出,阻碍了地球系统科学数据开放与共享。未来,随着共享个性化需求被激活,定制化的“数据+知识”服务有望成为主流趋势,将给数据共享带来新的机遇和挑战。     

The consistency between Na content distribution at the subsurface and the lake body's movement in Lop Nur

Historically, Lop Nur was a large and famous salt lake that acted as an important geographic position along the ancient ‘Silk Road’, and was associated with the surrounding old civilizations, such as Loulan and Haitou. However, it dried up before 1972. It shows a clear ‘Ear’ feature on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The objective of this paper is to interpret Lop Nur's environmental evolution during its drying-up process based on an analysis of its sodium sedimentary feature. The genetic algorithm-partial least squares approach is introduced as a modeling method to retrieve the subsurface sodium content from polarimetric parameters obtained by Cloude decomposition. As a result, the R² and root-mean-square error can reach 0.7 and 9.1?g/kg. It is suggested that the subsurface salt content was the primary reason for the bright-grey strips textures on SAR images. Furthermore, our results show that the sodium content along the same strip changed, with its distribution exhibiting consistency with the lake body's movement driven by the strong wind. In future, high-precision topographical data will be considered, and should be helpful in the analysis of lake body movement. The method of this paper can also be applied in other similar dried salt lakes.     

Development of an establishment scheme for a DGVM

Environmental changes are expected to shift the distribution and abundance of vegetation by determining seedling establishment and success. However, most current ecosystem models only focus on the impacts of abiotic factors on biogeophysics (e.g., global distribution, etc.), ignoring their roles in the population dynamics (e.g., seedling establishment rate, mortality rate, etc.) of ecological communities. Such neglect may lead to biases in ecosystem population dynamics (such as changes in population density for woody species in forest ecosystems) and characteristics. In the present study, a new establishment scheme for introducing soil water as a function rather than a threshold was developed and validated, using version 1.0 of the IAP-DGVM as a test bed. The results showed that soil water in the establishment scheme had a remarkable influence on forest transition zones. Compared with the original scheme, the new scheme significantly improved simulations of tree population density, especially in the peripheral areas of forests and transition zones. Consequently, biases in forest fractional coverage were reduced in approximately 78.8% of the global grid cells. The global simulated areas of tree, shrub, grass and bare soil performed better, where the relative biases were reduced from 34.3% to 4.8%, from 27.6% to 13.1%, from 55.2% to 9.2%, and from 37.6% to 3.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the new scheme had more reasonable dependencies of plant functional types (PFTs) on mean annual precipitation, and described the correct dominant PFTs in the tropical rainforest peripheral areas of the Amazon and central Africa.     

海滩-珊瑚礁系统风暴响应特征研究——以1409号台风“威马逊”对清澜港海岸影响为例

珊瑚礁海岸在我国热带地区广泛发育,海滩-珊瑚礁海岸的动力地貌过程是认识该类海岸的关键。本文基于对海南铜鼓岭-高隆湾岸段的台风"威马逊"前后跟踪观测,讨论了海滩风暴响应特征及其与珊瑚礁发育之间的联系。结果表明该岸段海滩在"威马逊"风暴作用下响应最为剧烈的区带位于平均海平面(MSL)以上,表现为后滨冲越,以及岸线蚀退、滩肩变窄、滩面侵蚀等响应特征。海滩风暴响应特征与近岸珊瑚礁发育密切相关,在无珊瑚或珊瑚受损的岸段海滩响应剧烈,剖面平均变化率(MPC)为其他岸段的3~6倍,珊瑚礁通过消耗波能对相邻海滩提供良好保护。海滩-珊瑚礁系统对风暴的响应特征受控于珊瑚礁对海岸波浪的消耗能力和海滩固有的缓冲能力。基于本文研究结果,归纳出风暴极端动力条件下海滩-珊瑚礁海岸的4种风暴响应模式。     

海洋功能区划分级分类体系探讨

海洋功能区划是《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》确立的一项重要制度。文章回顾我国海洋功能区划分级分类体系的发展历程,结合笔者编制浙江省市县级(区域性)海洋功能区划的工作实践,发现《全国海洋功能区划(2011—2020年)》、现行《省级海洋功能区划编制技术要求》和《浙江省市县级(区域性)海洋功能区划编制技术要求》的海洋功能区划分级分类体系存在不一致和模糊之处,其编码方式也有改进和优化的空间。据此提出海洋功能区划分级分类体系及其编码的优化建议,希冀为下一轮海洋功能区划分级分类编码提供参考。     

粤东靖海湾海岸地貌动力演变及其工程影响

受人为工程的影响,相对稳定的岬湾海岸地貌常经历显著的动态调整。本文以粤东靖海湾典型岬湾海岸为例,运用Mc Laren模型、波浪动力场数值模拟、等深线对比、冲淤计算等多种方法,从海岸地貌动力学角度,对人为岬角工程前后岬湾海岸地貌动力过程和冲淤演变进行综合分析。结果表明:1)海岸地貌动力系统内常存在负反馈机制以维持系统的稳定。岬角工程后上岬角防波堤沿SSW延伸,ESE和E向浪经过防波堤时发生绕射,波能削减,湾顶动力减弱,海滩沉积物从下岬角向湾顶反向运移;2)海滩的蚀积状态在工程前后发生了转换,工程前遮蔽段侵蚀、开敞段堆积;工程后遮蔽段堆积、开敞段侵蚀;3)海湾水下地形对岬角工程的响应敏感,工程后海湾水下地形冲淤剧烈。