青海南部牧区前冬积雪变化及其预测的关系模型研究

利用1961-2008年青海南部牧区地面气象观测资料、74个环流特征量和北半球500 hPa高度场网格点资料,整理了地表积雪序列和雪灾年表,并对积雪的变化趋势和雪灾发生的机理进行了研究。结果表明,1961-2008年青南牧区共有16 a发生积雪灾害,占总年数的33.33%。在4 450 m以下,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而增加,在4 451 m以上,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而减小。典型多积雪年新地岛地区的冷空气偏强、高原低值系统活动偏多,新地岛的冷空气容易沿偏西北路径侵入青南高原与高空槽前的暖湿空气汇合,形成云雨的物理条件充分,降雪多、积雪厚。典型少积雪年环流形势与上述基本相反。10-12月北美区极涡面积偏大和欧亚经向环流偏强、10月欧亚经向环流偏强、11月大西洋欧洲环流型E型日数偏多、12月大西洋副高北界位置偏北均有利于前冬青藏高原高度场的偏低和青南牧区累计积雪量的偏多。这些环流因子在相反的配置下,容易导致青南牧区累计积雪量的偏少。前冬模拟预报方程对典型多积雪年和1993年以来的积雪变化趋势全部预测成功。     

基于土柱淋滤实验的煤矸石饱和状态下溶质释放过程研究

针对煤矸石山在降水淋滤作用下对矿区周边地下水造成污染的严重问题,用实验模拟法对包头石拐区一废弃煤矿进行饱和状态下煤矸石的淋滤实验研究。结果表明:煤矸石中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、NO₃-、SO₄2-、Cl-的淋滤过程都遵循浓度先升高再降低到稳定值的基本规律,只是NO₃-、SO₄2-、Cl-的淋出速率明显大于重金属的淋出速率,Ca和Mg、SO₄2-和Cl-、Pb和Cr、Cd有相似的淋出机制;重金属最强淋出率从大到小的顺序是Mg>Cd>Ca>Cu>Zn>Cr>Fe>Pb;Hg和As等含量甚微,均未检出。      

桦甸盆地桦甸组油页岩段地球化学特征及地质意义

桦甸盆地位于敦密断裂带之上,是我国著名的古近纪含油页岩断陷盆地。其中桦甸组油页岩段发育厚层的泥岩沉积。长期以来对该段油页岩特征研究较多,但对其物源区特征和构造背景研究甚少。对油页岩段厚层泥岩进行系统的地球化学分析结果表明：泥岩中w(SiO₂)整体较低,K₂O/Na₂O值较高(大于1),w（MgO+Fe₂O^T₃）为3.91%~11.66%,Al₂O₃/（Na₂O+K₂O）为3.77~6.29,表明泥岩中含有一定的铁镁质组分和较多的稳定组分。微量元素PAAS标准化分配曲线显示不同样品之间元素富集、亏损趋势不一致,同时稀土元素标准化曲线呈现出稀土含量变化较大、轻稀土富集和明显Eu负异常,表明油页岩段沉积时期存在多个物源。泥岩风化蚀变指数为74~82,Th/U值多集中在4.65~6.07,表明泥岩源区经历了相对中等的风化作用。Th/Sc和Zr/Sc值表明泥岩基本受源岩成分控制。由源岩和构造背景判别图解,并结合前人研究资料得知:桦甸盆地油页岩段母岩主要来自于海西期和燕山期花岗岩以及少量的燕山期中酸性喷发岩;源岩形成于大陆边缘造山带,为大陆岛弧火山岩系。     

甘肃西峰黄土中细菌16S rDNA 文库的构建与组成初步分析

对黄土高原西峰地区黄土沉积物中的有机质进行了总DNA 提取和PCR（聚合酶链式反应）扩增,通过克隆测序技 术构建了含有44 个克隆子的细菌16S rDNA 文库。对16S rDNA 系统发育的分析表明,西峰地区的黄土沉积物中细菌可分属 13 个类群,包括：酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）、变形菌（Proteobacteria）、放线菌（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、厚壁菌（Firmicutes）、疣微菌（Verrucomicrobia）、浮霉菌（Planctomycetes）、芽单胞菌（Gemmatimonadetes）、异常球菌-栖热菌（Deinococcus-Thermus）、硝化螺旋菌（Nitrospirae）、蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌（Bacteroidetes）和Candidate divisionTG1。其中酸杆菌为最主要优势类群,变形菌为次优势类群,二者占黄土细菌总克隆数的70%,且大多为不可培养的基因型。     

Quantifying the Spatial Characteristics of the Moisture Transport Affecting Precipitation Seasonality and Recycling Variability in Central Asia

Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).     

Role of pore pressure generation in sediment transport within half-grabens

Sediment transport and overpressure generation are coupled primary through the impact of effective stress on subsidence and compaction. Here, we use mathematical modeling to explore the interactions between groundwater flow and diffusion-controlled sediment transport within alluvial basins. Because of lateral variation in permeability, proximal basin facies will have pore pressure close to hydrostatic levels while distal fine-grained facies can reach near lithostatic levels. Lateral variation in pore pressure leads to differential compaction, which deforms basins in several ways. Differential compaction reduces basin size, bends isochron surfaces across the sand–clay interface, restricts basinward progradation of sand facies, and reduces the amplitude of oscillation in the lateral position of the sand–clay interface especially in the deepest part of the section even when temporal sediment supply are held constant. Overpressure generation was found to be sensitive to change in sediment supply in permeable basins (at least 10⁻¹⁷ m² in our model). We found that during basin evolution, temporal variations in overpressure and sediment supply fluctuations are not necessarily in phase with each other, especially in tight (low permeability) basins (<10⁻¹⁷ m² in our model).     

Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis – II. Crustal and upper-mantle structure

We determine the 3-D shear wave speed variations in the crust and upper mantle in the southeastern borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, SW China, with data from 25 temporary broad-band stations and one permanent station. Interstation Rayleigh wave (phase velocity) dispersion curves were obtained at periods from 10 to 50 s from empirical Green's function (EGF) derived from (ambient noise) interferometry and from 20 to 150 s from traditional two-station (TS) analysis. Here, we use these measurements to construct phase velocity maps (from 10 to 150 s, using the average interstation dispersion from the EGF and TS methods between 20 and 50 s) and estimate from them (with the Neighbourhood Algorithm) the 3-D wave speed variations and their uncertainty. The crust structure, parametrized in three layers, can be well resolved with a horizontal resolution about of 100 km or less. Because of the possible effect of mechanically weak layers on regional deformation, of particular interest is the existence and geometry of low (shear) velocity layers (LVLs). In some regions prominent LVLs occur in the middle crust, in others they may appear in the lower crust. In some cases the lateral transition of shear wave speed coincides with major fault zones. The spatial variation in strength and depth of crustal LVLs suggests that the 3-D geometry of weak layers is complex and that unhindered crustal flow over large regions may not occur. Consideration of such complexity may be the key to a better understanding of relative block motion and patterns of seismicity.     

青海地区S波非弹性衰减Q值、场地响应特征研究

根据地质构造及地震台网分布特征,将青海地区分为柴达木盆地、青海东北部、青海东南部3个区域,运用青海地震台网记录的112条数字地震波形资料,利用Atkinson方法得到3个区域的非弹性衰减Q值随频率的关系,结果表明,柴达木盆地Q值最大,青海东南部Q值最小。采用Moya方法反演得到3个区域24个地震台的场地响应,其中15个台站的场地响应在频率域不平坦,9个台站稳定性相对较好,GOM(格尔木)作为国家基准地震台,具有良好的观测环境,场地响应曲线稳定。     

羌塘盆地冻土层结构核磁共振信号响应研究与实践

为了了解羌塘盆地冻土层的结构,利用核磁共振测深(MRS)技术对羌塘盆地的两个研究区进行了野外勘探。结合室内实验及野外实际资料,冻土层基本无法引起仪器核磁共振响应是划分冻土层和探测水合物的重要证据。在钻井附近进行的MRS方法对试验点进行测量并采集到了NMR信号,分析认为是天然气水合物处在亚稳定状态,分解产生水或者液态烃,形成水-水合物-气三相共存的情况,引起了NMR反应。实践表明可以将MRS方法运用于探测陆域冻土带分布以及冻土带,该方法对于冻土层的结构划分具有十分重要的科学意义和应用价值。