滇黔北威信凹陷晚二叠世沉积环境与层序地层格架下的聚煤规律浅析

针对滇黔北威信凹陷晚二叠世含煤岩系的“海相-海陆过渡相-陆相”三相变化地带,利用地层剖面上的沉积构造、岩石组合、古生物特征等沉积相判别标志分析研究区的沉积环境及其空间演化,并总结煤质变化规律。在此基础上,通过识别层序与体系域关键界面,建立研究区晚二叠世含煤岩系的层序地层格架,充分讨论研究区厚煤层在层序地层格架下的聚煤规律。研究区自西向东依次为河流冲积平原体系、三角洲-潮坪体系及碳酸盐岩台地体系,成煤环境主要为河流冲积平原中的泛滥盆地河漫沼泽和三角洲-潮坪沉积体系中的上三角洲平原;厚煤层在层序地层中的位置与古地理背景有关,研究区C15,C19煤层形成于最大海泛面附近,C25煤层形成于初始海泛面附近;根据煤质变化规律和煤厚变化特征,在研究区西部的彝良-盐津一带有寻找优质煤炭资源的潜力。     

南海琼东南盆地崖13-1气田古近系陵水组海陆过渡带沉积特征及演化*

南海北部琼东南盆地中的众多凹陷均有海陆过渡相沉积,沉积相类型包括海湾辫状河三角洲和河口湾-潮坪。本次研究以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,将崖13-1气田古近系渐新统陵水组三段及二段各划分为1个长期基准面旋回,并在其内部进一步识别出10个中期基准面旋回(S1-S10)。在等时地层格架内,对陵水组三段及陵水组二段发育的沉积相特征及演化进行深入的探讨。陵水组三段沉积时期,研究区主要发育海湾辫状河三角洲沉积,其具有独特的层理构造、富含泥质纹层以及遗迹化石丰富。该沉积体系自下而上潮汐作用越来越强,早期以河流作用为主(S1-S4),中期为河流和潮汐混合作用(S5-S6),晚期逐渐过渡到以潮汐作用占主导(S7-S8)。陵水组二段沉积时期,研究区发生全面海侵,沉积作用方式及沉积特征更加复杂,生物成因构造更加独特,本次研究将其解释为河口湾-潮坪沉积(S9-S10)。研究表明,区域海平面的不断上升是研究区沉积相从海湾辫状河三角洲演化到河口湾-潮坪的主要控制因素。     

华庆地区长63段低渗储层特征及优质储层主控因素

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析、压汞分析及试油分析等技术方法,对华庆地区长6₃段低渗储层特征进行了系统研究,分析了低渗储层的成因,并探讨了优质储层的主控因素。结果表明,华庆地区长6₃段储层的厚层块状砂岩主要由具有液化流性质的砂质碎屑流沉积形成的相对较厚块状砂岩纵向叠置组成。岩石类型主要为长石砂岩,其次为岩屑长石砂岩;储层具有低孔特低孔-特低渗透超低渗透特征;储集空间主要包括粒间原生孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙及晶间微孔隙,为小孔微细喉型孔隙结构。杂基含量高、成分成熟度和结构成熟度差是华庆地区长6₃低渗储层形成的主控因素,压实作用对其形成起到强化作用。沉积鼎盛时期水动力强的主力沉积期次,形成泥质含量较低的砂岩是优质储层形成的主控因素,而较大的储层厚度是优质储层形成的必要条件。     

Flat mantle reflectors in Eastern China: possible evidence of lithospheric thinning

Recent 24 s deep seismic reflection records revealed five flat reflectors in the lithospheric mantle in Eastern China. With increasing depth, they are named M1 to M5 and can be seen on both field single-shot and stacked records. Reflector M1 corresponds to the Moho discontinuity, whereas M5 may be the reflection from the bottom of the current lithosphere, which is about 78 km deep according to geothermal measurements. The other three reflectors seem peculiar and might result from interactions between the lithosphere and deeper mantle. Based on lithological and geochemical data, it is suggested that the lithosphere has been thinned from about 150 km to about 60 km in the Late Mesozoic, and then has been thickened to about 78 km during the Cenozoic. The thinning process produced a granulite layer in the old lower crust caused by magmatic underplating, whereas an eclogite layer formed beneath owing to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys and Yangtze Craton during the Permian and Early Mesozoic. Reflector M2 at about 12 s two-way traveltime (TWT) might result from the Paleozoic Moho, which represents the boundary between the previous granulite and eclogite facies. Reflector M3 at about 14 s might correspond to the bottom of the eclogite layer, beneath which the old lithospheric mantle remained. The old and the newly developed mantle may have different compositions, resulting in reflector M4. The multi-layered mantle reflectors demonstrate a mantle structure that possibly correlates with the lithospheric thinning process that occurred in Eastern China during the Late Mesozoic. The discovery of multi-layered mantle reflectors in the studied areas indicates a high heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Reflection seismology with improved technology, together with velocity and resistivity imaging and rock-physics measurements, can provide more details of the heterogeneity and related dynamic processes that occurred in the lithospheric mantle.     

Application of Sampling Methods to Geological Survey

There are two kinds of research methods in geological ob-servation study.One is the remote-sensing observation.Theother is the partial sampling method extensively used in everystage of the geological work,for example,in arranging thelines and points of geologic survey,and in arranging the ex-ploration engineering.Three problems may occur in practicalapplication of the sampling method:(1 ) Though we use thepartial sampling method in geological work,we must makeuse of many labor powers,materials…     

Application of the Sequence Stratigraphy in the Study of Cretaceous-Tertiary of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

1. IntroductionThe Tarim basin, one of the most developed and important areas of marine Cretaceous-Tertiary in China except for south Tibet, is very rich in oil and gas, such as Kekeya oilfield in southwestern Tarim and Kela2 gas field in northeastern Tarim. Because of the expansion, subduction of the oceanic crust of the Tethys and the collision between the India plate and the Eurasia plate during the Cretaceous-Tertiary, the Tethys transgressed into the Tarim basin from west to east fr…     

Contribution of mantle components within juvenile lower-crust to collisional zone porphyry Cu systems in Tibet

Most porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits are found in magmatic arcs worldwide, and are associated with hydrous, high-fO₂, calc-alkaline magmas, derived from a mantle wedge that was metasomatized by the fluids from a subducted oceanic slab. Recently, such deposits have been documented as occurring widely in collisional settings, where they are associated with potassic magmas generated during the collisional process, but the genesis of the fertile magmas and the mechanism of metallic enrichment remain controversial. Here we present new geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data from the post-collisional fertile and barren porphyries of the Miocene Gangdese porphyry belt in the Tibetan orogen, an orogen formed by the collision of India and Asia in the early Cenozoic. Both types of porphyry are characterized by high K₂O contents, and have geochemical affinities with adakite, but the fertile magmas were most likely derived from the melting of a thickened juvenile mafic lower-crust, formed by the underplating of earlier asthenospheric melts at the base of crust, whereas the derivation of the barren magmas involved variable amounts of old lower-crust in Tibet. The melting of sulfide-bearing phases in the juvenile mantle components of the Tibetan lower-crust probably provided Cu, Au, and S to the fertile magmas. The breakdown of amphibole during melting at the source released the fluids necessary for the formation of the porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet. The thickened crust (up to 70–80 km), due to collision, is thought to be responsible for a decrease in the fO₂ of the fertile magmas during their ascent to the upper crust, thus preventing the generation of more porphyry Cu–Au and epithermal Au deposits in this collisional zone.     

Effects of natural and calcined poultry waste on Cd, Pb and As mobility in contaminated soil

The reuse of waste materials as soil additives could be a welcome development in soil remediation. The mobility of Cd, Pb and As in a contaminated soil was investigated using natural and calcined poultry wastes (eggshell and chicken bone), CaCO₃ and CaO at different application rates (0, 1, 3 and 5 %). The chemical composition accompanied with mineralogical composition indicated that CaCO₃ and CaO were the major components in natural and calcined eggshells, respectively, while hydroxyapatite (HAP) dominated the natural and calcined chicken bones. The results showed that soil pH tended to increase in response to increasing application rates of all soil additives. The effectiveness of the additives in reducing Cd, Pb and As mobility was assessed by means of chemical extractions with 0.1 N HCl for Cd and Pb or 1 N HCl for As, according to Korean Standard Test (KST) method. Both calcined eggshell and chicken bone were equally effective with CaO or CaCO₃ in reducing the concentration of 0.1 N HCl-extractable Cd from 6.17 mg kg^?1 to below warning level of 1.5 mg kg^?1, especially at the highest application rate. The application of calcined eggshell, CaO and CaCO₃ also decreased the concentration of 0.1 N HCl-extractable Pb from 1,012 mg kg^?1 to below warning level of 100 mg kg^?1. The Pb concentration decreased significantly with an increasing application rate of chicken bone, but remained above warning level even at the highest application rate. On the contrary, natural and calcined chicken bones led to a significant increase in the mobility of As when compared with the control soil. These findings illustrate that calcined eggshell in particular is equally effective as pure chemical additives in stabilizing Cd and Pb in a contaminated agricultural soil. The presence of As in metal-contaminated soils should be taken into consideration when applying phosphate-containing materials as soil additives, because phosphate can compete with arsenate on adsorption sites and result in As mobilization.     

Mineralogy,major and trace element geochemistry of riverbed sediments in the headwaters of the Yangtze,Tongtian River and Jinsha River

We collected riverbed sediments of the headwaters of the Yangtze River (Chumaer River, Tuotuo River, Gaerqu River and Buqu River), Tongtian River and Jinsha River (HTJR) flowing on the eastern Tibetan Plateau and analyzed their mineralogical features, major and trace element contents. The results show: (i) very poor correlations of Na₂O, K₂O, CaO, Ba, and Sr to SiO₂, LREE to Th, HREE to Hf, and Ta/La to Ti, and characteristics of Eu anomaly (the ratios of (Eu/Eu^*)_N range from 0.60 to 0.83 with an average value of 0.71) all indicate that the Jinsha River sediments have not undergone much mineralogical sorting; (ii) illite and chlorite are predominant clay minerals, and quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite, and K-feldspar are prevailing non-clay minerals. The characteristics of mineral assemblage indicate relatively weak chemical weathering degree in these river basins; (iii) very high contents of Fe₂O₃, MgO, TiO₂, Sc, V, Cr, Co, and Ni at Panzhihua mainly result from the huge-sized V–Ti magnetite deposits occurred in layered gabbroic intrusion; and (iv) the chemical alteration index (CIA) in the HTJR ranges from 46.5 to 69.2 and with an average value of 60.5 which indicates relatively weak weathering degree.     

东濮凹陷上古生界致密砂岩优质储层发育特征及主控因素

文章探讨了东濮凹陷上古生界砂岩优质储层形成的主控因素,为预测优质储层提供依据。文章以东濮凹陷庆古3井为主要研究对象,通过岩心观察、铸体薄片、XRD、核磁共振冻融法及三束离子抛光—场发射扫描电镜联用等综合分析,研究了东濮凹陷二叠系储层发育特征及控制因素。研究表明：东濮凹陷上古生界砂岩以岩屑长石和长石岩屑砂岩为主,孔隙度值介于0.2%~12.8%,渗透率值介于0.0016~5.7 mD,属于特低孔致密型储层。溶蚀残余粒间孔、粒内溶蚀孔、晶间孔是东濮凹陷主要发育的孔隙类型,储集空间都是次生成因,各层段几乎未见原生孔隙留存,裂缝相对不发育。次生孔隙主要由长石颗粒和岩屑（包括凝灰质）溶蚀形成,在石千峰组和下石盒子组储层中较为常见。优质储层受沉积相、岩性和成岩作用的控制,石千峰组砂岩属于内陆河流相沉积,砂体发育,是东濮凹陷上古生界最有利的储集层系,长石的溶蚀是石千峰组优质储层形成的主要控制因素。下石盒子组属于三角洲沉积,由于沉积时期火山作用,导致大量的凝灰质沉积,凝灰质蚀变形成的高岭石晶间孔是该层储层形成的重要机制。山西组主要三角洲沉积,也是主要成煤期,煤系酸性流体导致溶蚀,但强烈的石英次生加大使砂岩致密化。