青藏高原西大滩多年冻土活动层土壤性状与地表植被的关系

以青藏高原多年冻土区北界的西大滩为研究基点, 选取多年冻土不同退化阶段的两个样地, 对植被分布特征、 冻土活动层和土壤特性等进行调查监测, 同时分析不同活动层状态下土壤水热、 养分和地表植被特征变化及相互间的作用关系. 结果表明: 西大滩地区的植被以浅根系植物为主, 0~10 cm的表层土壤中地下生物量约占地下生物总量的63%和62.2%之多. 在气候条件基本一致的情况下, 多年冻土的存在情况及活动层土壤水热状况对植被生态系统的演变起决定性作用. 高地表植被覆盖下的冻土土壤水热调节能力强, 有助于延缓冻土退化过程. 西大滩土壤全氮、 碱解氮、 速效钾与有机质含量密切相关, 含量随冻土退化明显减少, 且随土层深度的变化曲线表现为相同的趋势. 土壤表层养分和速效养分受冻土退化程度的影响较大.     

三台油气田中上侏罗统储层非均质性特征

储层非均质性是储层评价的重要指标,通过对区内近20口井300多个样品统计分析表明,三台油气田中上侏罗统储层存在较强的非均质性.不同层系存在差异,齐古组储层非均质性较头屯河组要弱.近源沉积、储层稳定性差、岩石成分复杂、矿物成熟度低、分选差、岩石颗粒大小混杂、填隙物含量高、类型多等诸多因素是形成本区储层强非均质性的重要原因.     

Soil erosion and pollutant transport during rainfall-runoff processes

The pollutant from land surface applied to agricultural chemicals is one of the major sources of contamination in water bodies. The pollutant transport within a watershed is profoundly influenced by the rainfall-runoff processes, especially the associated upland erosion and sediment transport processes because most of pollutant can be dissolved into water or attached to the soil particles. A set of soil experiments in laboratory was conducted in this paper to investigate the impacts of upland erosion and sediment transport on pollutant loads. The soil utilized for the experiments was the silty sand collected from Loess Plateau, China; and ammonium bicarbonate was applied on the soil surface as the pollutant source. Runoff discharge, soil loss, and ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were measured to establish the relationships which can help the numerical model to predict the pollutant losses coupled with upland soil erosion during the rain-fall-runoff processes. The experimental results indicate the ammonia-nitrogen concentration in runoff reaches the peak at the initial stage of the overland flow generation, and quickly decreases and approaches to the steady state. The ammonia-nitrogen transported by the soil loss also makes contributions to the nitrogen loss; and its amount mainly depends on the soil transport rate. The ammonia-nitrogen dissolved in overland flow is dominant due to the strong aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate during the first storm right after its application.     

一种基于地表能量平衡的遥感干旱监测新方法及其在甘肃河东地区干旱监测中的应用初探

目前遥感干旱监测方法的精度普遍不高,探求新的遥感干旱监测方法有助于干旱监测预警技术的提升与发展.波文比是感热通量与潜热通量之比,能综合反映地表水热特征,可尝试将其引入到遥感干旱监测领域加以利用.应用甘肃河东地区的EOS-MODIS卫星资料和同步地面气象资料,基于地表能量平衡原理构建了波文比干旱监测模型,对比分析了波文比(β)指数、温度植被指数(TVX)与土壤水分的相关性,并以典型晴空影像(2014年10月5日)为例初步建立了β的干旱分级标准,对研究区进行了旱情评估.结果表明:β与土壤相对湿度呈现出高度负相关,相比于当下广泛应用的TVX,β与0~20cm平均土壤相对湿度具有更好的相关性,监测精度得到了显著提高.用β干旱分级标准评估的研究区干湿状况与前期降水空间分布吻合得相当好,评估表明2014年10月5日研究区基本为适宜(无旱),与2014年9月的降水距平百分率特征一致.基于地表能量平衡的波文比(β)指数在干旱监测中效果突出,具有很好的应用前景.     

GPS数据解算对流层天顶总延迟探讨

运用GAMIT／GLOBK软件,对南极长城站与周边的各IGS跟踪站的GPS观测数据进行组网解算。在解算各站上空总天顶延迟的过程中,利用不同的星历进行解算,并对其解算结果进行了分析和探讨得出：实时预报。星历与精密星历在解算结果上差别不大,最小差值是0mm,最大差值仅为0．5mm。所以在计算各GPS站上空大气水汽含量时,可直接采用实时预报星历,对今后实时探测水汽及实时天气预报具有一定的实用意义。     

旅游景观生态系统功能优化研究初探

在旅游业迅速发展与快速蔓延的趋势下,如何协调旅游目的地的人地关系,促进区域的可持续发展,是极 具理论与应用价值的科学问题。研究利用景观生态学的基本原理,从要素相互作用关系出发,将旅游景观生态系统 的功能视作各要素相互作用所形成的相应于人类社会需求的表现形式。在此基础上,分析了功能的类型、特征与结 构,总结了功能变化的影响因素,并强调促进要素协调与优化空间配置是实现旅游景观生态系统功能优化研究的 重要途径。     

上海市人类活动对热环境的影响

随着城市规模不断扩张, 由城市热岛现象而导致的热环境问题不断凸现。城市热环境 的时空变化, 是下垫面改变、人为热释放和环境污染等人类活动因素相互交织作用的结果。 由于城市热环境影响因子的复杂性, 传统观测手段和统计方法在获取数据和分析人类活动对 热环境响应机制方面存在着局限性。而卫星遥感和GIS 技术为人类活动对城市热环境的影响 分析提供了技术支撑。选用Landsat ETM+ 影像, 以上海市外环内区域为研究靶区, 在探讨热 环境的空间格局基础上, 运用空间主成分分析方法替代传统的多准则判断(MCE) 方法, 分析 了人类活动对城市热环境的影响特征。结果发现, 对于上海主城区而言, 城市建筑与人口密 度、工业区布局、下垫面类型以及城市景观多样性四个因子是影响城市热环境空间格局的主 导因子; 四个因子的线性模型, 较好地模拟了热环境的空间变化, 定量揭示了上海城市人类活动对热环境的影响机制。     

IASPEI新震级标度与传统震级标度的对比

通过对世界上主要地震台网中心几十年来震级测定结果的对比分析,针对数字地震记录频带宽、动态范围大的特点,国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（IASPEI）震级工作组于2003年提出了新的震级标度和测定方法,新的震级标度包括地方性震级ML、面波震级Msc（20）和Ms（BB）、体波震级mb和mB、区域Lg震级mb（Lg）和矩震级MW,本文介绍了这些新震级及其测定方法,并将这些震级与我国传统震级mb、mB、MS7、Ms在计算公式、振幅量取、周期范围和震中距范围几个方面进行了详细的比较。     

Experimental research and finite element analysis of bridge piers failed in flexure-shear modes

In recent earthquakes, a large number of reinforced concrete （RC） bridges were severely damaged due to mixed flexure-shear failure modes of the bridge piers. An integrated experimental and finite element （FE） analysis study is described in this paper to study the seismic performance of the bridge piers that failed in flexure-shear modes. In the first part, a nonlinear cyclic loading test on six RC bridge piers with circular cross sections is carried out experimentally. The damage states, ductility and energy dissipation parameters, stiffness degradation and shear strength of the piers are studied and compared with each other. The experimental results suggest that all the piers exhibit stable flexural response at displacement ductilities up to four before exhibiting brittle shear failure. The ultimate performance of the piers is dominated by shear capacity due to significant shear cracking, and in some cases, rupturing of spiral bars. In the second part, modeling approaches describing the hysteretic behavior of the piers are investigated by using ANSYS software. A set of models with different parameters is selected and evaluated through comparison with experimental results. The influences of the shear retention coefficients between concrete cracks, the Bauschinger effect in longitudinal reinforcement, the bond-slip relationship between the longitudinal reinforcement and the concrete and the concrete failure surface on the simulated hysteretic curves are discussed. Then, a modified analysis model is presented and its accuracy is verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental ones. This research uses models available in commercial FE codes and is intended for researchers and engineers interested in using ANSYS software to predict the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete structures.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7段厚层熔结凝灰岩特征及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7优质烃源岩中凝灰岩夹层广泛分布,单层厚度一般为0.1～10 cm,局部可达1～2 m。在盆地南部铜川瑶曲镇新发现了单层厚约14 m的岩屑晶屑熔结角砾凝灰岩层夹透镜状碳酸岩。熔结凝灰岩SiO_2含量在47.09%～66.6%之间,呈中性-偏酸性特征;∑REE为(164.04～245.74)×10^-6,LREE相对富集,总体特征表现为负Eu异常明显的右倾型曲线;微量元素中大离子亲石元素Sr、P为负异常,高场强元素U、Th为明显的正异常。碳酸岩中SiO_2含量较高,矿物组成简单,可能为壳源碳酸岩; Sr和Ba的含量较高,显示典型的火成碳酸岩特征。根据熔结凝灰岩的野外露头及岩相学特征,结合其分布特征,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地中晚三叠世火山岩岩相模式,认为铜川瑶曲镇的熔结凝灰岩为火山通道相-爆发相。熔结凝灰岩源于火山弧高钾钙碱性岩浆源区,透镜状碳酸岩产生于碰撞造山过程中派生的引张大陆岩石圈断裂带,直接由岩石圈富集、地幔低程度部分熔融作用而产生的碳酸岩浆侵入或喷发所形成,与中晚三叠世秦岭造山带的演化关系密切,是秦岭造山带印支构造活动在鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积耦合效应,该发现为鄂尔多斯盆地中生代构造演化提供了新的岩石学证据。