柴达木低品位固体钾矿溶解转化率与品位关系

我国是缺钾大国,探明的可溶性钾盐十分有限,柴达木盆地是我国盐湖钾盐的聚集地,含水层骨架中含有数亿吨低品位固体钾矿,开发出这些低品位固体钾盐对增加国内钾肥供给,保障粮食安全具有重大意义。青海盐湖工业股份有限公司历经十年开发出低品位固体钾盐的浸泡式溶解转化方法,试验表明,固体钾盐的溶解转化率随固体钾品位的增加而增加,累计溶解转化率为56%～98%。该技术在柴达木多个盐湖得到推广应用,察尔汗盐湖保有固体钾盐达2.96×10~8 t,平均品位KCl为1.24%,根据试验数据回归分析溶解转化率77%,可溶解转化出钾盐(KCl)约2.28×10~8 t,柴达木盆地盐湖保有3.43×10~8 t固体钾盐,平均品位KCl为1.25%,溶解转化率78%,可溶解转化出钾盐(KCl)2.68×10~8 t,大幅度增加了钾盐储备量。     

贸易保护、出口溢出效应与中国出口市场拓展

在国际贸易摩擦不断升级的背景下,厘清贸易保护对中国区域经济发展的影响是中国当前面临的重要议题。既有演化经济地理学框架主要从供给视角出发,认为出口产品路径演化过程呈现依赖技术知识溢出的特征,忽略了需求视角的影响。基于中国海关库2002—2016年的数据,以中国出口产品进入新市场的演化路径为研究对象,本文将供需视角纳入同一解释框架,补充需求视角下的外部市场关联以及需求市场的贸易壁垒措施作为外部力量,试图探究贸易保护、出口溢出效应如何作用于中国出口市场拓展过程。研究发现:①在出口产品结构升级的同时,中国出口目的地结构也在不断地向新兴市场国家和地区拓展。其中,东部与中部地区是出口拓展的主力区域,技术与资本密集型产品是出口拓展的主要产品类型。②中国出口市场的拓展进程呈现出典型的路径依赖特征,包括供给视角下基于本地技术知识溢出的路径依赖与需求视角下基于目的地市场信息溢出的路径依赖。其中后者被长期忽视,但在中国出口市场拓展进程中扮演着十分重要的角色。③贸易保护作为一种外部冲击,可有效地削弱基于本地技术知识溢出和外部市场信息溢出的路径依赖。采用投资、区域合作等方式绕开贸易壁垒,实现出口产品与市场结构的...     

SHORT COMMUNICATION COMMENTS ON THE RESIDUAL BILINEARIZATION METHOD

Through theoretical analysis and computer simulation,this short communication comments on theresidual bilinearization(RBL)method and compares it with non-bilinear rank annihilation(NBRA)forthe treatment of second-order calibration with non-bilinear data.It is found that these two methods aremathematically equivalent but have different noise propagation properties.The second-order advantage,namely quantitation in the presence of unknown interferences,can be carried over to non-bilinear dataonly if there exists a net analyte rank(NAR)for the analyte of interest.     

FINDING CAUSES OF OUTLIERS IN MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a singlevariable.From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so thatcorrective actions may be performed.We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests toidentify which variable‘caused’each outlier.The procedure is tested with simulated data sets that havethe same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the WesternUnited States.The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100,significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift.The procedure works best forhighly correlated variables.     

胶茶人工群落在改善山地土壤生态环境上的作用

经过多年的实践和研究结果表明，橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)—茶树(Camellia sinensis)两层人工群落结构，比单一橡胶种植模式有着明显的改善山地土壤生态环境的特点。胶—茶人工群落对减少水土流失，改善土壤微生物状况，增强土壤地表呼吸强度，促进团聚体形成和提高土壤肥力以及增加单产等方面，均有显著的效果。因此，胶—茶人工群落为合理利用我国西部热带山地资源，开辟了一条新的经营种植模式。     

Model of the geoelectrical structure of the mid- and lower mantle in the Europe–Asia region

The conductivity structure of the Earth's mantle was estimated using the induction method down to 2100  km depth for the Europe–Asia region. For this purpose, the responses obtained at seven geomagnetic observatories (IRT, KIV, MOS, NVS, HLP, WIT and NGK) were analysed, together with reliable published results for 11  yr variations. 1-D spherical modelling has shown that, beneath the mid-mantle conductive layer (600–800  km), the conductivity increases slowly from about 1  S  m⁻¹ at 1000  km depth to 10  S  m⁻¹ at 1900  km, while further down (1900–2100  km) this increase is faster. Published models of the lower mantle conductivity obtained using the secular, 30–60  yr variations were also considered, in order to estimate the conductivity at depths down to the core. The new regional model of the lower mantle conductivity does not contradict most modern geoelectrical sounding results. This model supports the idea that the mantle base, situated below 2100  km depth, has a very high conductivity.     

宁夏扬黄灌溉对土壤环境的影响

本文在对宁夏扬黄灌区的同心县河草沟村的调查取样基础上 ,通过对灌溉地土壤灌溉前后以及灌溉地土壤与非灌溉地土壤之间的比较 ,分析了扬黄灌溉后 ,灌区土壤在盐分含量、土壤颗粒组成、土壤养分和土壤微量元素含量等方面的变化 ,以及这些变化对土壤沙化、土壤盐渍化和土壤环境质量等的影响。结果表明 ,扬黄灌溉在一定程度上抑制了土壤沙化 ,改善了表层土壤的盐分状况 ,提高了土壤肥力 ,但并没有彻底消除土壤盐渍化的潜在危害 ,也部分造成了土壤环境质量的下降。     

The processes and characteristics of mass balance on the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 during 1958–2009

As a solid reservoir, a glacier can regulate regional water resources. The annual net mass balance directly reflects the fluctuation of the glacier and climate variability. Based on 51 years of mass balance observation data, the mass balance of Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1 experienced a nine times positive balance fluctuation and nine times negative balance fluctuation. There were 35 and 16 negative and positive balance years, respectively. From 1996/97 to 2008/09, 12 consecutive negative balance years were observed at Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1. These results demonstrate that the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 is experiencing a strong negative balance, and the strongest negative balance, -931 mm w.e. (mm water equivalent), during the observation period occurred in 2008. In addition, the cumulative mass balance reached 13,709 mm w.e. in 2008. However, in 2009, the mass balance was positive at 63 mm w.e. The equilibrium-line altitude changes with the fluctuation in the mass balance, and the effective mass balance gradient is 7.4 mm/m. In this paper, the headwaters of the Urumqi River were analyzed using meteorological data from 1958 to 2009, including the average seasonal temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the main factor associated with the mass balance variation of Glacier No. 1 is the fluctuation in the summer air temperature, followed by changes in the precipitation.     

热分解法测定水盐体系中硝酸铵和水含量研究

针对复杂硝酸铵水盐体系溶解度的测定,传统分析方法操作步骤繁琐,且试剂较贵,引入一种简单准确的分析方法,即热分解法,对LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系和NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中硝酸铵和水的含量进行精确分析。结果表明,热分解温度控制在230～240℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不低于36 h,能将LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量增加,热分解时间也将延长,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。针对复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系,热分解温度控制在230～255℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不少于44 h,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量的增加,相应延长热分解时间,能将复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。     

基于VIC模型与集合卡尔曼滤波的土壤水分同化研究

基于可变下渗能力水文模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC)和集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman Filter,EnKF)算法发展了一种土壤表层水分的数据同化方案,并在新疆维吾尔自治区的森林、高盖草和低盖草3种植被覆盖类型地区进行试验。在同化过程中,有强降水存在时,3种植被覆盖类型的同化值均比实际测量值高;降水较少时,高盖草和低盖草两种类型的同化值比实际测量值略低,而在森林地区,同化值比实际测量值略高。总体上,该同化方案得到的结果比VIC模拟得到的结果更接近于实际测量值,取得较好同化效果。