CGE模型在地理学综合研究中的应用

地理学研究以综合性和区域性为特色。提高地表过程研究中人文与自然要素综合分析的深度与广度,寻找学科交叉的综合途径是地理学中具有挑战性的课题。可计算一般均衡模型(Computable General Equilibrium,CGE) 是环境与经济系统之间互动影响关系模拟的有力工具,在地理学综合研究中得到广泛应用。本文概括了CGE模型在资源环境的可持续性、气候变化与资源税、灾害与综合风险管理、污染物的区域环境过程等多个方面的应用,从模拟主体、模型约束、模拟方法以及过程与结果表达4 个角度,总结了CGE模型与地理学综合研究之间的契合点,并指出与地理学其他模型的耦合以及情景模拟的地理学依据是CGE模型下一步的发展方向。     

Carbonate equilibria in hydrothermal systems: First ionization of carbonic acid in NaCl media to 300°C

The ionization quotients of aqueous carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) have been precisely determined in NaCl media to 5 m and from 50° to 300°C using potentiometric apparatus previously developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The pressure coefficient was also determined to 250°C in the same media. These results have been combined with selected information in the literature and modeled in two ways to arrive at the best fits and to derive the thermodynamic parameters for the ionization reaction, including the equilibrium constant, activity coefficient quotients, and pressure coefficients. The variation with temperature of the two fundamental quantities $\text{Δ}\text{V}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{o}}$ and $\text{Δ}\text{C}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{o}}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ were examined along the saturation vapor pressure curve and at constant density. The results demonstrated again that for reactions with minimal electrostriction changes the magnitudes and variations of $\text{Δ}\text{C}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{o}}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ and $\text{Δ}\text{V}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{o}}$ with temperature are small and, in addition, $\text{Δ}\text{C}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ and $\text{Δ}\text{V}\text{?}$ are approximately independent of salt concentration.The results have also been applied to an examination of the solubility of calcite as a function of pH (in a given NaCl medium) for the neutral to acidic region both for systems with fixed CO₂ pressure and systems where the calcium ion concentration equals the concentration of carbon. The pH of saturated solutions of calcite with P_CO2 of 12 bars increases from 5.1 to 5.5 between 100° and 300°C.     

全球价值链视角下中国与印度信息产业国际竞争力的比较分析

信息产业是推动国民经济发展的重要引擎,也关乎国家未来的发展前景。目前,无论是发达国家还是新兴工业化经济体,都将提升信息产业竞争力作为关注焦点。中国和印度均高度重视信息产业,但在促进产业发展的策略和模式上截然不同。基于全球价值链的视角,运用附加值贸易数据测算中、印两国信息产业在全球价值链中的参与程度和分工地位,并从国家产业政策和区位条件的角度比较两国信息产业融入全球价值链的机制和效果。研究发现：加强“硬件”制造能显著提升中国信息产业的国际竞争力,而“软件”优先的政策导向并未改善印度信息产业的整体实力,中国优先发展“硬件”并兼顾“软件”的产业政策更有利于信息产业的高质量、可持续发展。从区位条件来看,印度缺乏全面发展“硬件”制造的基础条件,中国则为“硬件”制造和“软件”服务创造了良好的发展空间。     

8680 X荧光光谱仪与长城0520-CH计算机的数据通信

8680X荧光光谱仪采用RSX-11M多用户操作系统。本文将0520计算机作为RSX-11M主机的一个从属终端,设计了相应软件与8680联机。无需修改任何硬件,在0520上可以执行RSX-11M的全部操作指令,并且只要8680主机不关闭,0520计算机即可随时从8680的磁盘上读取数据而不需事先与8680的操作者约定,传送数据快速、准确。     

The relation between typical concentrations of chemical constituents in potable water and their injurious limits

 There is an obvious similarity between the values of the typical concentrations of the inorganic and synthetic organic constituents in potable water and their injurious limits to human health. This similarity is attributed to the adaptation of man to his environment, i.e. it has resulted from natural selection. Received: 6 August 1999 · Accepted: 30 November 1999     

Regionalization of unit hydrograph Parameters: 2. Uncertainty analysis

Hydrologic model parameters obtained from regional regression equations are subject to uncertainty. Consequently, hydrologic model outputs based on the stochastic parameters are random. This paper presents a systematic analysis of uncertainty associated with the two parameters, N and K, in Nash's IUH model from different regional regression equations. The uncertainty features associated with N and K are further incorporated to assess the uncertainty of the resulting IUH. Numerical results indicate that uncertainty of N and K from the regional regression equations are too significant to be ignored.     

西藏朋曲流域不同地貌部位流动沙丘粒度特征

沙丘粒度特征不仅能反映沙丘沙物质的来源与动力,也可以体现地形对风沙流运移的改变。对西藏朋曲流域不同地貌部位流动沙丘表层沉积物的粒度特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）朋曲流域流动沙丘表层沉积物粒度组分以中沙（46.51%）和细沙（40.52%）为主,粗沙（5.87%）与极细沙（5.87%）次之,黏土（0.37%）与粉沙（0.85%）含量最低。流动沙丘表层沉积物平均粒径1.41—2.32 Φ,分选系数0.45—0.79 Φ,偏度0.01—0.24,峰度0.98—1.80。（2）从河漫滩到河流阶地到山坡,流动沙丘粒度逐渐变小,频率分布曲线逐渐变高变窄,粒径越来越集中,沿主导风向自西南向东北概率累积曲线斜率逐渐增大,分选性逐渐变好。（3）河漫滩至河流高级阶地流动沙丘表层沉积物随海拔升高粒径变小,坡麓至坡顶随海拔升高粒径变大,分选却变好,表明山坡上沙丘与阶地上沙丘的沙物质来自于不同河段的河床或河漫滩。