DNA barcoding assessment of green macroalgae in coastal zone around Qingdao,China

An assessment with assistance of DNA barcoding was conducted on green macroalgae in coastal zone around Qingdao, China, during the period of April–December, 2011. Three markers were applied in molecular discrimination, including the plastid elongation factor tufA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal cistron and rubisco large subunit gene 3′ regions (rbcL-3P). DNA barcoding discriminated 8 species, excluding species of genus Cladophora and Bryopsis due to failures in amplification. We ascertained and corrected 4 species identified by morphological methods for effectively assisting the classification. The gene tufA presented more advantages as an appropriate DNA marker with the strongest amplification success rate and species discrimination power than the other two genes. The poorest sequencing success largely handicapped the application of ITS. Samples identified by tufA and rbcL as Ulva flexuosa were clustered into the clade of U. prolifera by ITS in the neighbor-joining tree. Confusion with discrimination of the complex of U. linza, U. procera and U. prolifera (as the LPP complex) still existed for the three DNA markers. Based on our results, rbcL is recommended as a preferred marker for assisting tufA to discriminate green macroalgae. In distinguishing green-tide-forming Ulva species, the free-floating sample collected from the green tide in 2011 was proved to be identical with U. prolifera in Yellow Sea for ITS and rbcL genes. This study presents a preliminary survey of green macroalgae distributed in the coastal area around Qingdao, and proves that DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for taxonomy of green macroalgae.     

The simulation of surface flow dynamics using a flow-path network model

This paper proposes a flow-path network (FPN) model to simulate complex surface flow based on a drainage-constrained triangulated irregular network (TIN). The TIN was constructed using critical points and drainage lines extracted from a digital terrain surface. Runoff generated on the surface was simplified as ‘water volumes’ at constrained random points that were then used as the starting points of flow paths (i.e. flow source points). The flow-path for each ‘water volume’ was constructed by tracing the direction of flow from the flow source point over the TIN surface to the stream system and then to the outlet of the watershed. The FPN was represented by a set of topologically defined one-dimensional line segments and nodes. Hydrologic variables, such as flow velocity and volume, were computed and integrated into the FPN to support dynamic surface flow simulation. A hypothetical rainfall event simulation on a hilly landscape showed that the FPN model was able to simulate the dynamics of surface flow over time. A real-world catchment test demonstrated that flow rates predicted by the FPN model agreed well with field observations. Overall, the FPN model proposed in this study provides a vector-based modeling framework for simulating surface flow dynamics. Further studies are required to enhance the simulations of individual hydrologic processes such as flow generation and overland and channel flows, which were much simplified in this study.     

Cartographie du potentiel en eau souterraine du bassin versant de la Lobo (Centre-Ouest,Côte d’Ivoire) : approche par analyse multicritère

RÉSUMÉ

Ce travail aborde le problème d’accessibilité en eau potable dans les zones fissurées de la Côte d’Ivoire notamment en saison sèche. Sur le bassin versant de la Lobo, le problème se pose avec plus d’acuité puisque les retenues aménagées pour l’alimentation en eau des populations ne sont pas correctement alimentées ces dernières années et sujettes à une très forte eutrophisation. L’approche pluridisciplinaire (télédétection, analyse multicritère et système d’information hydrogéologique à référence spatiale) a été adoptée. La cartographie des sites potentiels en eau montre que la quasi-totalité du bassin de la Lobo possède une bonne et excellente disponibilité en eau souterraine (93% de la superficie totale). Cette bonne disponibilité en eau souterraine est due à une faible pente et à une bonne densité de fracturation qui entrainent une bonne infiltration des eaux dans l’aquifère. L’identification des sites potentiels montre que près de 72% de la superficie du bassin est favorable à l’implantation d’ouvrages à gros débits. Dans l’ensemble, ces aquifères présentent une bonne accessibilité avec cependant, une exploitabilité médiocre.

Editeur Z. W. Kundzewicz; Edithur Associé M.D. Fidelibus     

利用钻孔应变观测数据测定大震震级

尝试对敦化地震台YRY-4型钻孔应变仪记录的应变地震波持续时间进行研究,以中国地震台网统一地震目录Ms≥7震级为参考震级,用最小二乘法求得参考震级公式：MF-P=1.92＋1.48 lg（F-P）.通过验证,公式有意义,为现阶段应变地震波的应用找到一条路径.     

Application de la méthode des simulations croisées à l’analyse de tendances dans la relation pluie-débit à partir du modèle GR2M : cas du bassin versant du N’zi-Bandama (Côte d’Ivoire)

The study area is the N’zi watershed, sub-watershed of the Bandama River (Ivory Coast). The N’zi watershed is located between longitudes 3°49′ and 5°22′ West and latitudes 6°00′ and 9°26′ North and covers an area of 35,500 km². This study aims to identify trends in the rainfall-runoff relationship by using a monthly conceptual model. The methodology has consisted on the one hand in highlighting the existence of interannual climate and hydrological variability by using the method of segmentation of Hubert, and on the other hand, in applying the crossed simulations method by using the GR2M model, over several 7-year sub-periods. The results of the application of the method of segmentation of Hubert have demonstrated the presence of a hydroclimatic variability in the N’zi watershed. The modifications of the climate and physical conditions of the flow resulted in a modification of the hydrological response of the watershed translated by a non-stationarity in the rainfall-runoff relation.     

Statistical analysis of groundwater chemistry of the Tarim River lower reaches,Northwest China

This study applied a comprehensive quantitative approach including statistical, principal component and gray relation analyses to assess the groundwater chemistry based on monitored data from 840 samples collected from the lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to 2009. The main findings were: (1) there were six types of groundwater chemistry in the lower reaches of Tarim River where Cl·SO₄–Na·Mg was the dominant type accounting for 73.57% in all samples. There were linear relationships among chemical parameters, where TDS had significant multiple correlations with Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻, respectively. (2) Three principal components (PC1, PC2 and PC3) were extracted. They included comprehensive measurements for salinization, alkalinity and pH, respectively. Most parameters showed decreasing trends during the period of 2000–2009, as well as the scores on PC1, because the concentrations of various chemical substances were diluted due to the uplift of the groundwater table in the lower reaches and the implementation of the ecological water delivery project in 2000. (3) HCO₃ ⁻ was the most sensitive chemical parameter affected by the groundwater table followed by TA, Mg²⁺, TH, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, TDS and TS. PC2 was the most sensitive principal component to the change of the groundwater table followed by PC1 and PC3.     

悬浮泥沙在长江口铀非保守行为中的重要作用

利用高精度的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对2014年1月长江口表层水中溶解铀浓度及其234U/238U比值、2013年3月长江口表层沉积物中各矿物组分的铀含量及其234U/238U比值进行了测定,研究了其空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明:除了长江径流和海水之外,长江口还有其他的溶解铀来源。水体中过剩铀与悬浮颗粒物浓度呈现显著相关性（r2=0.96）。对长江口表层沉积物进行的序列提取实验进一步表明,水体中悬浮颗粒物或沉积物中可解吸态和碳酸钙结合态铀可以在河口区域释放进入水体,而铁锰氧化物和有机物结合铀比较稳定,不受河口区混合过程的影响。每千克颗粒物或沉积物能够释放约2 μmol颗粒态铀,使其转化为溶解态。然而,铁氢氧化物和细颗粒物的絮凝吸附作用也可使溶解铀同时从河口水体中清除。在低盐度区,铀的清除和添加过程速率相近,使溶解铀呈现暂时的"伪保守"现象:颗粒态释放的铀具有明显低的234U/238U比值,导致水体的234U/238U低于保守混合值。在中高盐度区域,溶解铀呈现明显的富集现象。但是由于水相和颗粒相中的铀交换,可释放颗粒态铀的234U/238U接近溶解铀的234U/238U比值,从而导致水体的234U/238U比值呈现出保守性。长江口颗粒物的铀释放通量为（3.48±0.41）×105 mol/a,约占输入的总颗粒态铀通量（1.80±0.17）×106 mol/a的19.3%。长江口输入东海的溶解铀总通量（河流溶解态铀与河口添加铀之和）为（2.68±0.13）×106 mol/a,约为世界河流入海铀通量的11.7%。     

Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at natural recreational areas in Delaware,USA

As a US east coast state with a major income from outdoor recreation and tourism, Delaware highly values its environmental quality and natural resources. However, no results on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in soil at natural recreational areas (NRAs) in the state have been reported. In this study soil samples from seven state parks, two city parks, two state forests, and two national wildlife refuges in Delaware were analyzed for the concentrations of 12 selected PAHs. Results indicated that the median concentration of total PAHs in urban, suburban, and rural NRAs was 1,159, 138, and 130 μg/kg, respectively. Based on the classification proposed by Maliszewska-Kordybach, soil PAH contamination level at almost all sampling sites in urban NRAs was classified as contaminated or heavily contaminated, while that at sampling sites in suburban and rural NRAs was classified as not or weakly contaminated. Principal component analysis showed that all these areas share the same independent variable, which may be composed of one or more contribution sources. Pyrogenic processes were inferred to be the major source of soil PAH contamination in Delaware NRAs. Individual PAH concentration at all sampling sites were observed below the limit of Canadian Quality Guidelines except for site F3, where the concentration of benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene was found to exceed the limit by 88.3, 125, and 281 %, respectively. Further investigation on PAH contamination and possible remediation in area F are recommended.     

Erratum to: Arctic multiyear sea ice variability observed from satellites: a review

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - The affiliations of the authors of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.