Sedimentary environment and development controls of the hydrocarbon source beds:Middle and Upper Proterozoic in northern North China

Problem on development control of marine source bed hold in Chinese petroleum industry progression. The Hongshuizhuang Formation,Tieling Formation and Xiamaling Formation in the Middle and Upper Proterozoic are important hydrocarbon source beds in northern North China, and investigation of their sedimentary environments and the controls has great significance for petroleum exploration in North China. Based on sedimentology (sequence stratigraphy), palaeoecology, sedimentary geochemistry, and sedimentary palaeogeography, their development pattern is discussed. All these studies indicate that the development controls of the hydrocarbon source beds include a favorite palaeogeographic location, exceeding propagation of biomes in low and middle latitudes, anoxic environments, enrichment of phosphorus element and the adsorption of clay minerals during the preservation of organic matter in the marine carbonates.     

运用改进系统建模法对南海气象数据的建模研究

在系统建模理论的基础上,运用改进的动态数据建模方法,对南海气象数据中的温度进行建模并验证了模型的适用性.根据模型推导出格林函数、逆函数和自协方差函数等,并讨论了南海气象数据中温度模型的稳定性、可逆性和合理性.对系统的频率特性和谱函数进行分析讨论,并给出建模过程中的一些图像.根据模型的适用性检验发现,对所研究的气象数据而言,ARMA(4, 3)模型是最合适的,具有平稳可逆性.所有的建模和分析过程在MATLAB上实现.实验结果表明这种建模方案简便易行,能够快速准确地确定系统的合理模型.     

人工神经网络在岩体质量分级中的应用

结合四川省金沙江某水电站工程实例，应用BP人工神经网络方法建立3层BP网络模型，选取岩石单轴抗压强度等6个影响因素为输入变量，对坝基复杂岩体进行质量分级。通过机算机Visual C 语言编程实现神经网络模型，进行网络的学习和运算。以神经网络合理结构分析方法选取合理结构，确定合理隐层单元的数量，提高网络测试的精度。对测试结果的分析发现，经过优化的BP网络模型经多次学习后，测试精度提高，结果可靠，取得较好的实际应用效果。     

基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散方法

针对自然界中孔隙水文地质层空间分布的不连续性与厚度分布的不均匀性,研究基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层三维空间离散实现的技术路线,提出基于GIS的孔隙水文地质层不规则六面体元的三维空间离散方法.该法不仅能最大限度地保证不规则六面体元中水文地质层类型的一元性,而且可充分利用GIS的空间分析与数据的自动提取功能,快速提取各个计算结点上空间位置坐标与各类计算参数,大大缩短水文地质模型空间离散与相关数据文件组织所需的时间,提高地下水三维有限差分数值模拟的时效性,具有较高的实用价值.     

采用DPIV技术研究浅水平板岛屿尾流

人们对于尾流的研究大都针对绕流体在展向非常长的情形,但是在天然环境和水利工程中出现的多为水深相对很浅的流动。由于槽底和自由水面的限制,浅水域中的尾流有着与深水尾流不同的流动规律。采用数字粒子图像测速(DPIV)技术,在长30m、宽3.5m、高1m的水槽中比较系统地量测了浅水中绕平板岛屿的尾流区流场。分析了大尺度旋涡的运动规律,得到了尾流流动形式随尾流稳定性参数的变化规律。目前如此大尺度浅水岛屿尾流的定量实验研究并不多见。     

青铜文物腐蚀过程中的次生矿物

产于不同环境不同地方的青铜文物经矿相显微镜观察、电子探针成分分析和X射线衍射研究表明，在青铜文物腐蚀层中观察到次生矿物——赤铜矿、孔雀石、蓝铜矿、白铅矿和锡石。由上述矿物组成的腐蚀层在青铜器表面形成保护层。腐蚀层细分为红色赤铜矿层、绿色碳酸盐矿物层和黄色锡石层组成，其厚度小于1mm。青铜合金在潮湿条件下的腐蚀比在干旱条件下要严重，另外青铜合金是适用于作高放废物地质处置系统中的废物罐的候选材质。     

西天山艾肯达坂组火山岩系同位素定年及其构造意义

西天山艾肯达坂地区较好发育了艾肯达坂纽红色陆相火山岩建造．它不整合在下石炭统大哈拉军山组之上,未经变形和变质，属于陆陆碰撞晚期的橄榄安粗岩系，其年龄确定是厘定从碰撞造山向陆内构造演化的关键。因此,通过16件新获得的钾氩年龄测值，确定艾肯达坂组火山岩系形成在260Ma～270Ma之间，属早二叠世，而不是过去认为的石炭纪；西天山的陆陆碰撞应在二叠纪末结束,此后进入陆内造山阶段。     

长江三角洲主要城市产业结构转换的综合评价

文章在对地区产业结构转换影响因素系统分析的基础上，采用定量分析方法，对长江三角洲15个主要城市的产业结构转换能力、产业转换速度、产业转换方向以及它们之间的关系进行探讨。研究表明：长江三角洲主要城市产业结构转换能力的区域差异明显，产业结构转换能力与区域经济发展所处阶段有很大的关系；产业结构转换能力、速度与经济发展水平呈正相关。     

Study of statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasting regional air quality

Based on analysis of the air pollution observational data at 8 observation sites in Beijing including outer suburbs during the period from September 2004 to March 2005, this paper reveals synchronal and in-phase characteristics in the spatial and temporal variation of air pollutants on a city-proper scale at deferent sites; describes seasonal differences of the pollutant emission influence between the heating and non-heating periods, also significantly local differences of the pollutant emission influence between the urban district and outer suburbs, i.e. the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutant is closely related with that of the pollutant emission intensity. This study shows that due to complexity of the spatial and temporal distribution of pollution emission sources, the new generation Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model developed by the EPA of USA produced forecasts, as other models did, with a systematic error of significantly lower than observations, albeit the model has better capability than previous models had in predicting the spatial distribution and variation tendency of multi-sort pollutants. The reason might be that the CMAQ adopts average amount of pollutant emission inventory, so that the model is difficult to objectively and finely describe the distribution and variation of pollution emission sources intensity on different spatial and temporal scales in the areas, in which the pollution is to be forecast. In order to correct the systematic prediction error resulting from the average pollutant emission inventory in CMAQ, this study proposes a new way of combining dynamics and statistics and establishes a statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasts of regional air quality by utilizing the relationship of CMAQ outputs with corresponding observations, and tests the forecast capability. The investigation of experiments presents that CMAQ-MOS reduces the systematic errors of CMAQ because of the uncertainty of pollution emission inventory and improves the forecast level of air quality. Also this work employed a way of combining point and area forecasting, i.e. taking the products of CMAQ for a center site to forecast air pollution for other sites in vicinity with the scheme of model products "reanalysis" and average over the "area".     

Delayed geochemical hazard: Concept, digital model and case study

Delayed Geochemical Hazard (DGH briefly) presents the whole process of a kind of serious ecological and environmental hazard caused by sudden reactivation and sharp release of long-term accumulated pollutant from stable species to active ones in soil or sediment system due to the change of physical-chemical conditions (such as temperature, pH, Eh, moisture, the concentrations of organic matters, etc.) or the decrease of environment capacity. The characteristics of DGH are discussed. The process of a typical DGH can be expressed as a nonlinear polynomial. The points where the derivative functions of the first and second orders of the polynomial reach zero, minimum and maximum are keys for risk assessment and harzard pridication.The process and mechanism of the hazard is due to the transform of pollutant among different species principally. The concepts of "total releasable content of pollutant", TRCP, and "total concentration of active specie", TCAS, are necessarily defined to describe the mechanism of DGH. The possibility of the temporal and spatial propagation is discussed. Case study shows that there exists a transform mechanism of "gradual release" and "chain reaction" among the species of the exchangeable and the bounds to carbonate, iron and manganese oxides and organic matter, thus causing the delayed geochemical hazard.